A daycare has repeated outbreaks of fecal-oral illness among toddlers. Which single intervention is likely to have the greatest immediate impact on reducing transmission and why?

You isolate a bacterial species that expresses bile-resistant enzymes and adhesins specific for intestinal epithelial glycoproteins. Which portal of entry is most likely to lead to disease by this bacterium, and why?

A respiratory bacterium is accidentally introduced into a deep puncture wound. To assess the risk of successful colonization in the wound you should analyze which of the following collections of factors together?

During an outbreak that starts in Country A and threatens neighboring Country B, which organization is most likely responsible for issuing cross-border coordination guidance and convening an international emergency committee to assess global risk?

A town of 20,000 has 80 reported cases of influenza in one week. Calculate the weekly incidence per 1,000 population and assess whether a threshold of 4 cases per 1,000 per week has been exceeded. Show your work.

A pathogen acquires an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) gene via plasmid transfer in a hospital ward. Which immediate epidemiological patterns would you expect to observe, and why?