Which patients are generally advised to avoid live attenuated vaccines due to safety concerns?

Design a laboratory experiment to confirm that deletion of gene X is responsible for attenuation in a candidate live vaccine strain. Which combination of approaches will most convincingly demonstrate causality?

Which two main laboratory stages comprise a Western blot?

If three proteins of 20 kDa, 60 kDa, and 120 kDa are loaded in separate lanes on an SDS-PAGE gel under identical conditions, what band pattern would you predict from top (near well) to bottom of the gel?

A protein ladder position: 150 kDa at 1.0 cm, 50 kDa at 4.0 cm, 25 kDa at 6.0 cm. An unknown band migrates to 3.0 cm. Using linear interpolation on log10(MW) between 150 kDa and 50 kDa, estimate the molecular weight of the unknown. Show calculations.

Conceptually, what is the main difference between a sandwich (direct) ELISA and an indirect ELISA?

A technician observes high background in many wells of an ELISA plate. Which change to the protocol most directly addresses nonspecific binding and why?

You ran standards at 5 ng/mL (A=0.10) and 15 ng/mL (A=0.25). Assuming a linear relationship between A and concentration, calculate the concentration of an unknown sample whose averaged duplicate wells read A=0.205. The sample was diluted 1:4 before adding to the plate. Report the concentration in the original undiluted sample.