Which of the following is an example of vertical transmission of antibiotic resistance?

A plasmid carries genes for resistance to tetracycline, penicillin (via a beta-lactamase), and a carbapenemase. If a clinician prescribes tetracycline, what is the most likely population-level consequence regarding carbapenem resistance encoded on the same plasmid?

Design a two-step laboratory assay that distinguishes whether tetracycline resistance in an isolate is due to an efflux pump versus target protection (ribosomal polypeptide preventing binding). Which approach best separates these mechanisms?

Which human dietary molecule makes humans less susceptible to antibiotics that inhibit the bacterial folic acid synthesis pathway?

Why does combining a sulfonamide (enzyme A inhibitor) with trimethoprim (enzyme B inhibitor) reduce the probability that a bacterial population will develop clinically important resistance compared to monotherapy?

Which experimental result would best demonstrate that trimethoprim is a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (enzyme B)?

What is the primary structural role of sterols (like cholesterol or ergosterol) in eukaryotic plasma membranes?

In a standard broth dilution, what is the most commonly used visual indicator that bacteria have grown in a tube or well?

Which sequence correctly summarizes the standard broth dilution method for determining MIC?

A patient in the oncology ward is neutropenic and has a catheter-related bloodstream infection. The team needs to know whether an isolate is rapidly killed by an agent (bactericidal) and what MIC is to optimize dosing. Which testing sequence would you recommend and why?