BackMicrobiology Exam 2 Study Guide Flashcards
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1/28BackSkip to main contentBackDifference between catabolism and anabolism
Catabolism breaks down molecules to release energy; anabolism uses energy to build complex molecules. How does ATP store and transfer energy?
ATP stores energy in its high-energy phosphate bonds and transfers energy by hydrolyzing to ADP + Pi. Compare aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as final electron acceptor; anaerobic respiration uses other acceptors; fermentation uses organic molecules without electron transport chain. Role of enzymes in metabolism
Enzymes catalyze metabolic reactions and are regulated by inhibitors like competitive, noncompetitive, and feedback inhibition. Classification of microorganisms by energy and carbon source
Phototrophs use light; chemotrophs use chemicals; autotrophs use CO2; heterotrophs use organic carbon. Function of electron carriers NADH and FADH₂
NADH and FADH₂ carry electrons to the electron transport chain to generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ATP structure and function
ATP consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphates; energy is released when ATP converts to ADP + Pi. Purpose, inputs, and outputs of glycolysis
Glycolysis breaks down glucose into 2 pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules. Products and significance of the Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle produces NADH, FADH₂, and ATP, providing electrons for the electron transport chain. Electron Transport Chain and proton motive force
ETC transfers electrons to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via the proton motive force. Substrate-level vs oxidative phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation directly forms ATP during metabolism; oxidative phosphorylation uses ETC and proton gradient. Difference between lactic acid and alcohol fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid; alcohol fermentation produces ethanol and CO2. Phases of the bacterial growth curve
Lag (adaptation), log (exponential growth), stationary (growth = death), death (decline). Describe binary fission and generation time
Binary fission is bacterial cell division; generation time is the time for one cell to divide. Oxygen requirement classifications
Obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, microaerophile, aerotolerant anaerobe. Environmental factors affecting microbial growth
Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and oxygen availability influence growth. Steps of biofilm formation
Attachment, colonization, maturation, and dispersion. Structure of DNA and complementary base pairing
DNA is double-stranded with antiparallel strands; bases pair A–T and G–C via hydrogen bonds. Central Dogma of molecular biology
DNA is transcribed to RNA, which is translated into protein. Types of mutations and their effects
Silent (no change), missense (amino acid change), nonsense (stop codon), frameshift (reading frame shift). Mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer
Transformation (uptake of DNA), transduction (phage-mediated), conjugation (plasmid transfer via sex pilus). Define sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and sanitization
Sterilization kills all microbes; disinfection reduces pathogens; antisepsis is disinfection on living tissue; sanitization lowers microbial counts. D-value in microbial control
D-value is the time to reduce microbial population by 90% under specific conditions. Proper autoclave conditions
121°C, 15 psi pressure, for 15 minutes to achieve sterilization. Physical methods of microbial control
Heat, cold, pressure, desiccation, radiation, sonication, and filtration. Chemical methods of microbial control
Alcohols, halogens, hydrogen peroxide, and soaps disrupt or kill microbes. Pasteurization methods
HTST (high temperature short time) and UHT (ultra-high temperature) reduce pathogens in liquids. UV radiation effect on microbes
UV causes thymine dimers in DNA, leading to mutations and cell death.
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