Q: Which equation best represents the diversity generated in antibody production due to V(D)J recombination?

$N_{diversity} = N_V \times N_D \times N_J$

Question 1

Which scientist first hypothesized that the club-shaped bacteria causing diphtheria produced a poison that spread in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Frederick Loeffler

Question 2

What is the primary function of antibodies produced by plasma cells in humoral immunity?

Accepted Answer

To bind antigens with high specificity and tag them for elimination

Question 3

Which immunoglobulin class is most abundant in serum and provides the longest-term protection?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 4

A patient receives a vaccine and later is exposed to the same pathogen. The immune system responds much faster and more effectively. Which concept does this scenario illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity memory

Question 5

Which of the following is a direct protective outcome of antibody-antigen binding?

Accepted Answer

Neutralization

Question 6

What is the role of regulatory T cells in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

To prevent immune responses against 'self' molecules

Question 7

Which process allows B cells to improve the affinity of their antibodies during an immune response?

Accepted Answer

Affinity maturation

Question 8

Which type of antigen requires confirmation from a helper T cell to activate a B cell?

Accepted Answer

T-dependent antigen

Question 9

What is the main function of cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells)?

Accepted Answer

To induce apoptosis in infected or cancerous cells

Question 10

Which immunoglobulin class is primarily found in secretions such as saliva, tears, and breast milk, and is important for mucosal immunity?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 11

A newborn is protected from certain infections due to antibodies received from the mother. Which immunoglobulin class is responsible for this protection?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the process of clonal selection in lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Each lymphocyte recognizes only one epitope and proliferates upon encountering its specific antigen

Question 13

Which equation best represents the diversity generated in antibody production due to V(D)J recombination?

Accepted Answer

$N_{diversity} = N_V 	imes N_D 	imes N_J$

Question 14

Which cell type is responsible for activating naive T cells by presenting antigens on both MHC class I and II molecules?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells

Question 15

What is the outcome if a B cell in the bone marrow binds to a 'self' antigen during development?

Accepted Answer

It undergoes apoptosis (negative selection)

Question 16

Which immunoglobulin class is most efficient at triggering the classical pathway of the complement system?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 17

A patient with a deficiency in MHC class I molecules would have impaired function in which immune cell type?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

Question 18

Which process describes the ability of the immune system to distinguish between 'healthy self' and 'dangerous' cells?

Accepted Answer

Molecular specificity

Question 19

Which of the following is a characteristic of the secondary immune response compared to the primary response?

Accepted Answer

It is significantly faster and more effective

Question 20

Which cell type is responsible for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

Accepted Answer

Natural killer (NK) cells

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