Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between the cellular and humoral branches of the adaptive immune system?

Accepted Answer

The cellular branch involves T cells that mediate immunity, while the humoral branch involves B cells that produce antibodies.

Question 2

A patient receives an injection of antibodies against tetanus toxin after being exposed to the bacteria. Which type of adaptive immunity is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 3

Which of the following statements about antigens is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Antigens can be proteins or polysaccharides and may come from bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, or cancer cells.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why proteins are generally more immunogenic than lipids?

Accepted Answer

Proteins have greater molecular complexity and are more easily recognized by immune cells.

Question 5

A person is exposed to the measles virus and develops immunity after recovering from the infection. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired active immunity

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the four general stages of the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Antigen presentation, lymphocyte activation, lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation, antigen elimination and memory

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of T helper cells (T$$_{H}) in $$the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They support the action of B cells, T cytotoxic cells, and innate immune cells by releasing cytokines.

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding MHC molecules and antigen presentation?

Accepted Answer

MHC I molecules present intracellular antigens to cytotoxic T cells, while MHC II molecules present extracellular antigens to T helper cells.

Question 9

A bacterial toxin acts as a superantigen. What is the most likely consequence of this in the host?

Accepted Answer

A bulk, nonspecific activation of many T helper cells, leading to excessive cytokine release.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why tissue transplants require MHC matching between donor and recipient?

Accepted Answer

MHC molecules are recognized by lymphocytes, and mismatched MHCs can trigger an immune response against the transplanted tissue.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about B cell activation is correct?

Accepted Answer

Most antigens are T-dependent and require T helper cells for full B cell activation.

Question 12

A patient is exposed to a pathogen for the second time. Which of the following best describes the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

The response is rapid and effective, often preventing disease symptoms due to immunological memory.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct statement about antibody structure?

Accepted Answer

Each antibody consists of two heavy chains and two light chains held together by covalent bonds.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of clonal expansion?

Accepted Answer

Activated B or T cells divide to produce identical clones that recognize the same epitope.

Question 15

Which of the following is TRUE regarding antibody isotype switching?

Accepted Answer

A B cell can change the class of antibody it produces without changing the epitope specificity.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of cytotoxic T cells (T$$_{C}$$)?

Accepted Answer

They directly kill infected host cells by releasing perforins and inducing apoptosis.

Question 17

A newborn receives antibodies from its mother through breast milk. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 18

Which of the following is a feature of epitopes?

Accepted Answer

They are the parts of an antigen recognized by B and T cells.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why a person who is immune compromised is at greater risk for infections?

Accepted Answer

Any impairment in the innate or adaptive immune system reduces the ability to contain or eliminate pathogens.

Adaptive Immunity: Structure, Function, and Key Features

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