Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary difference between humoral and cellular immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity involves B cells producing antibodies against extracellular pathogens, while cellular immunity involves T cells targeting infected or abnormal cells.

Question 2

A patient is exposed to a virus for the first time. Which immunoglobulin class is most likely to be produced first in response to this infection?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 3

Which of the following statements about cytokines is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Interferons are cytokines that interfere with viral infections of host cells.

Question 4

A newborn receives antibodies from its mother through breast milk. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 5

Which immunoglobulin class is most abundant in serum and is capable of crossing the placenta to protect the fetus?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 6

A laboratory test detects high levels of IgE in a patient's blood. Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with this finding?

Accepted Answer

Parasitic worm infection

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why a secondary immune response is faster and more effective than a primary response?

Accepted Answer

Memory B and T cells generated during the primary response recognize the antigen and respond rapidly.

Question 8

A small molecule that cannot elicit an immune response unless attached to a larger carrier molecule is called a:

Accepted Answer

Hapten

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of IgA antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Preventing microbial attachment to mucous membranes

Question 10

A patient receives an injection of antibodies after exposure to rabies. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of T cell receptors (TCRs) in cellular immunity?

Accepted Answer

TCRs recognize antigenic peptides presented by phagocytic cells, leading to cytokine secretion.

Question 12

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in a cytokine storm?

Accepted Answer

Excessive cytokine release in response to a severe infection

Question 13

Which immunoglobulin class is primarily found on the surface of B cells and assists in the immune response, but has no well-defined function?

Accepted Answer

IgD

Question 14

A patient is infected with Mycobacterium leprae, an intracellular bacterium. Which arm of the adaptive immune system is most important for combating this infection?

Accepted Answer

Cellular immunity

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct match between a cytokine and its function?

Accepted Answer

Chemokines: induce migration of leukocytes

Question 16

Which immunoglobulin class is most effective at causing agglutination (clumping) of cells and viruses?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 17

A vaccine stimulates the immune system to produce a specific response to a pathogen. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the structure of a bivalent antibody?

Accepted Answer

It has two antigen-binding sites.

Question 19

Which of the following is a potential consequence of the overproduction of cytokines?

Accepted Answer

Cytokine storm

Question 20

A patient is exposed to a bacterial toxin that remains outside host cells. Which component of the adaptive immune system is primarily responsible for neutralizing this toxin?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity via B cells and antibodies

Adaptive Immunity: Structure, Function, and Types

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