Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of veins in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart using thin-walled, flexible vessels

Question 2

A patient presents with a non-healing ulcer near the lateral malleolus, edema, and hyperpigmentation of the lower leg. Which underlying pathophysiological process is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Chronic venous insufficiency leading to venous stasis ulcer

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a typical risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Regular physical activity

Question 4

A 65-year-old patient is diagnosed with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Which diagnostic test result would most strongly support this diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Ankle-brachial index (ABI) less than 1

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why veins are more susceptible to stasis and varicosity than arteries?

Accepted Answer

Veins rely on skeletal muscle contraction and valves to return blood to the heart

Question 6

A patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is at increased risk for which potentially life-threatening complication?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

Question 7

Which of the following laboratory findings is most specific for recent thrombus formation in a patient suspected of having a venous thromboembolism?

Accepted Answer

Elevated D-dimer

Question 8

Which of the following interventions is most appropriate to prevent venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a hospitalized patient with limited mobility?

Accepted Answer

Applying graduated compression stockings

Question 9

A patient with chronic venous insufficiency develops a venous stasis ulcer. Which of the following is the most important initial nursing intervention?

Accepted Answer

Apply gradient compression therapy to promote venous return

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the pathophysiological process leading to atherosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

Endothelial injury initiates inflammation, leading to plaque formation and arterial narrowing

Question 11

A patient with hypertension is advised to reduce dietary cholesterol to less than 200 mg/day and limit saturated fats. Which class of medication may also be prescribed to help manage their lipid profile?

Accepted Answer

Statins

Question 12

Which of the following is a key difference between arterial and venous ulcers?

Accepted Answer

Venous ulcers are typically located on the lateral malleolus, while arterial ulcers are found on the toes and pressure points

Question 13

A 58-year-old woman presents with dilated, tortuous superficial veins in her lower legs, worsened by prolonged standing. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Varicose veins

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) is used in the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease (PAD)?

Accepted Answer

ABI compares systolic blood pressure in the ankle and arm to assess arterial perfusion

Question 15

A patient with a history of hyperlipidemia and hypertension is found to have a bruit over the carotid artery. What does this finding most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Turbulent blood flow due to arterial narrowing from atherosclerosis

Question 16

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of untreated chronic venous insufficiency?

Accepted Answer

Development of venous stasis ulcers

Question 17

A patient is found to have a blood pressure of 145/92 mmHg on two separate occasions. According to current guidelines, which of the following best describes this finding?

Accepted Answer

Stage 1 hypertension

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of statins in the management of arterial disease?

Accepted Answer

Statins lower LDL cholesterol, reducing the risk of atherosclerotic plaque formation

Question 19

A patient with a history of DVT is prescribed anticoagulant therapy. Which of the following best explains the rationale for this treatment?

Accepted Answer

Anticoagulants prevent further clot formation and reduce the risk of pulmonary embolism

Question 20

A 70-year-old patient with a history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia presents with intermittent claudication and diminished pulses in the lower extremities. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerotic narrowing of peripheral arteries

Arterial and Venous Disorders: Structure, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management

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