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BIO 175 Microbiology Midterm Study Guide: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14

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Introduction to Microbiology

  • Discovering Microorganisms
    03:36
  • Introduction to Microbiology
    07:27
  • Introduction to Microbiology Channel
    1:29

Koch's Postulates

  • Koch's Postulates
    01:36
  • The 4 Koch's Postulates
    03:31
  • Limitations to Koch's Postulates
    02:58

Members of the Bacterial World

  • Members of the Bacterial World
    06:17

Introduction to Bacteria

  • Introduction to Bacteria
    06:18

Introduction to Archaea

  • Introduction to Archaea
    04:39

Introduction to Eukarya

  • Helminths
    01:27
  • Fungi
    02:49
  • Introduction to Eukarya
    03:28

Introduction to Staining

  • Introduction to Staining
    02:10

Simple Staining

  • Simple Staining
    03:23
  • Simple Staining Basic & Acidic Dyes
    05:30

Differential Staining

  • Differential Staining
    04:07

Gram Stain

  • Gram Stain
    04:57

Introduction to Microscopes

  • Introduction to Microscopes
    06:13

Light Microscopy: Bright-Field Microscopes

  • Light Microscopy: Bright-Field Microscopes
    03:46
  • Light Microscopy: Bright-Field Microscopes Example 1
    03:41
  • Components & Magnification of the Compound Light Microscope
    06:15

Light Microscopes that Increase Contrast

  • Light Microscopes that Increase Contrast
    02:39
  • Dark-Field Microscopy
    01:52
  • Phase-Contrast Microscopy
    03:27

Light Microscopes that Detect Fluorescence

  • Light Microscopes that Detect Fluorescence
    01:46
  • Fluorescence Microscopes
    02:54
  • Two-Photon Microscope (TPM)
    02:01

Electron Microscopes

  • Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
    02:42
  • Electron Microscopes
    03:08
  • Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
    04:23

Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter

  • Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter Example 1
    02:13
  • Atoms- Smallest Unit of Matter Example 3
    03:51
  • Electron Orbitals & Energy Shells
    09:44

Isotopes

  • Isotopes
    06:50
  • Radioactive Isotopes
    02:37

Introduction to Chemical Bonding

  • Intramolecular vs. Intermolecular Bonds
    04:01
  • Map of the Lesson on Chemical Bonding
    02:42
  • Introduction to Chemical Bonding
    06:53

Covalent Bonds

  • Covalent Bonds
    04:28
  • Polar Covalent Bonds
    06:51
  • Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
    06:41

Ionic Bonding

  • Ionic Bonding
    04:34
  • Ionic Bonds
    06:07

Hydrogen Bonding

  • Hydrogen Bonding
    05:03

Introduction to Water

  • Introduction to Water
    01:54
  • Introduction to Water Example 1
    01:51
  • Introduction to Water
    01:29

Acids and Bases

  • Acids
    03:44
  • Acids and Bases
    01:29
  • Bases
    03:48

pH Scale

  • Buffers
    05:38
  • pH Scale
    11:05

Carbon

  • Carbon is an Excellent Building Block
    03:35
  • Carbon
    04:19

Functional Groups

  • Functional Groups Example 1
    02:00
  • Functional Groups
    06:04

Introduction to Biomolecules

  • Introduction to Biomolecules
    01:17
  • Map of the Lesson on Biomolecules
    01:29

Carbohydrates

  • Formation & Breakdown of Polysaccharides
    03:08
  • Carbohydrates
    04:53
  • Carbohydrate Functions
    04:48

Proteins

  • Protein Structure
    08:02
  • Amino Acids
    04:37
  • Proteins
    02:50

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic Acids Example 2
    01:05
  • Formation & Breakdown of Nucleic Acids
    04:07
  • DNA vs. RNA
    05:57

Lipids

  • Steroids & Waxes
    03:31
  • Lipids
    04:19
  • Fatty Acids
    06:59

ATP

  • Energy Coupling
    04:57
  • ATP
    06:44
  • Phosphorylation
    03:00

Enzymes

  • Functions of Enzymes
    02:32
  • Enzymes Example 1
    02:25
  • Enzymes
    02:55

Introduction to Metabolism

  • Introduction to Metabolism
    02:17
  • Catabolic & Anabolic Pathways
    03:25

Overview of Prokaryotic Cell Structure

  • Overview of Prokaryotic Cell Structure
    05:59

Bacterial Cell Morphology & Arrangements

  • Types of Bacterial Cell Morphology
    02:44
  • Bacterial Cell Morphology & Arrangements
    01:13
  • Bacilli Bacterial Cell Arrangements
    03:56

Introduction to Bacterial Cell Walls

  • Peptidoglycan
    01:58
  • Types of Bacterial Cell Walls
    02:44
  • Peptidoglycan Structure
    04:44

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

  • Teichoic Acids
    03:58
  • Gram-Positive Cell Walls
    02:59

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

  • Gram-Negative Cell Walls
    3:04
  • Porins
    02:18
  • The Outer Membrane
    02:15

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Cell Walls

  • Mnemonic for Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Cell Walls
    01:41
  • Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Cell Walls
    04:46

The Glycocalyx: Capsules & Slime Layers

  • The Glycocalyx: Capsules & Slime Layers
    02:26
  • Capsules vs. Slime Layers
    01:53

Introduction to Biofilms

  • Introduction to Biofilms
    03:31

Pili

  • Sex Pilus
    03:29
  • Cell Motility by Pili
    02:59
  • Pili
    01:02

Fimbriae & Hami

  • Fimbriae & Hami
    01:52
  • Hami
    01:51

Introduction to Prokaryotic Flagella

  • Types of Flagellar Distribution on Bacteria
    05:22
  • Introduction to Prokaryotic Flagella
    02:07

Prokaryotic Flagellar Structure

  • Structure of Gram-Positive Basal Body
    02:28
  • Prokaryotic Flagellar Structure
    02:53
  • Gram-Negative vs. Gram-Positive Basal Body Structure
    01:59

Prokaryotic Flagellar Movement

  • Prokaryotic Flagellar Movement
    02:43
  • Runs and Tumbles
    03:17

Chemotaxis

  • Cell Motility During Chemotaxis
    05:11
  • Chemotaxis
    03:21

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

  • Prokaryotic Ribosomes
    01:51
  • Structure of Prokaryotic Ribosomes
    08:39

Introduction to Bacterial Plasmids

  • Episomes
    01:47
  • Introduction to Bacterial Plasmids
    02:52

Endospores

  • Endospores
    05:35
  • Endospore Structure
    03:08

Sporulation

  • Sporulation
    04:08

Germination

  • Germination
    02:59

Binary Fission

  • Binary Fission
    02:16
  • Steps of Binary Fission
    04:57

Generation Times

  • Calculating Generation Times
    05:48
  • Generation Times
    02:54

Microbial Growth Curves in a Closed System

  • Microbial Growth Curves in a Closed System
    08:59
  • Primary & Secondary Metabolites
    02:33

Temperature Requirements for Microbial Growth

  • Temperature Requirements for Microbial Growth
    04:16
  • Classification of Microbes by Growth Temperature
    04:56
  • How to Memorize the Classification of Microbes by Growth Temperatures
    01:59

Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth

  • Reactive Oxygen Species
    04:43
  • Oxygen Requirement Classes of Microbes
    07:27
  • Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth
    03:52

pH Requirements for Microbial Growth

  • pH Requirements for Microbial Growth
    03:11
  • Optimal Growth pH Classes of Microbes
    03:23

Nutritional Factors of Microbial Growth

  • Reviewing the Nutritional Growth Factors of Microbes
    02:20
  • Carbon Source:Heterotrophs vs. Autotrophs
    02:59
  • Nutritional Factors of Microbial Growth
    02:57

Types of Solid Culture Media

  • Types of Solid Culture Media
    03:16

Selective Media

  • Selective Media
    03:27

Differential Media

  • Differential Media
    04:34

Enrichment Media

  • Enrichment Media
    04:20

Growing a Pure Culture

  • Growing a Pure Culture
    02:58

Plating Methods

  • Streak-Plate Method
    05:16
  • Spread-Plate Method vs. Pour-Plate Method
    05:36

Introduction to Cultivating Microbial Growth

  • Map of Techniques for Cultivating Microbes
    02:05
  • Introduction to Cultivating Microbial Growth
    03:49

Introduction to Controlling Microbial Growth

  • Terminology of Microbial Growth Control
    07:36
  • Hierarchy of Microbial Growth Control Terminology
    03:09
  • Situations Warranting Different Levels of Microbial Growth Control
    05:58

Physical Methods to Control Microbial Growth

  • Dry Heat
    02:58
  • Irradiation
    06:18
  • Filtration
    04:29

Chemical Methods to Control Microbial Growth

  • Types of Disinfectants
    05:21
  • Selecting the Right Chemical Agent
    04:52
  • Chemical Methods to Control Microbial Growth
    03:58

Liquid Chemicals: Alcohols, Aldehydes, & Biguanides

  • Alcohols
    03:39
  • Biguanides
    02:41
  • Aldehydes
    03:59

Liquid Chemicals: Halogens

  • Iodine
    02:15
  • Chlorine
    03:16
  • Liquid Chemicals: Halogens
    00:56

Chemical Gases: Ethylene Oxide, Ozone, & Formaldehyde

  • Ozone
    02:36
  • Formaldehyde Gas
    02:56
  • Chemical Gases: Ethylene Oxide
    03:22

Introduction to Microbial Genetics

  • Map of the Lesson on Microbial Genetics
    02:04
  • Introduction to Microbial Genetics
    04:20

Introduction to Mutations

  • Spontaneous vs. Induced Mutations
    02:47
  • Introduction to Mutations
    00:37
  • Types of Mutations
    08:44

Methods of Inducing Mutations

  • Chemical Mutagens
    05:13
  • Radiation Mutagens
    02:55
  • Methods of Inducing Mutations
    03:19

Mutant Detection

  • Mutant Detection
    06:49
  • Replica Plating
    05:36

The Ames Test

  • The Ames Test
    06:59

DNA Repair Mechanisms

  • Nucleotide Excision Repair
    03:31
  • SOS Repair System
    03:50
  • Photoreactivation
    02:29

Horizontal Gene Transfer

  • Fates of Horizontally Transferred DNA
    03:13
  • Horizontal Gene Transfer
    04:42
  • Integration of DNA via Homologous Recombination
    02:52

Bacterial Transformation

  • Bacterial Transformation
    03:06
  • Mechanism of Natural Transformation
    03:49

Transduction

  • Generalized Transduction
    04:24
  • Transduction
    06:49
  • Specialized Transduction
    06:34

Introduction to Conjugation

  • Introduction to Conjugation
    04:21

Conjugation: F Plasmids

  • F Plasmids
    05:57
  • Mechanism of F Plasmid Conjugation in E. coli
    04:12

Conjugation: Hfr & F' Cells

  • F’ Cell Conjugation
    04:31
  • Hfr Cell Conjugation
    09:41

The Lac Operon

  • In the Absence of Lactose
    04:34
  • The Lac Operon
    07:06
  • In the Presence of Lactose
    03:56

The Trp Operon

  • In the Presence of Tryptophan
    03:11
  • The Trp Operon
    05:30
  • In the Absence of Tryptophan
    03:42

Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon

  • Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon
    06:24

Central Dogma

  • Central Dogma
    05:45

Introduction to DNA Replication

  • Unwinding the DNA:Topoisomerase, Helicase & SSBs
    05:10
  • Components of DNA Replication
    04:47
  • Origin of Replication
    03:33

DNA Polymerases

  • DNA Polymerase Distinguishes Template from New Strand via Methylation
    03:47
  • DNA Polymerases Requirements
    05:03
  • DNA Polymerases
    04:01

Leading & Lagging DNA Strands

  • Leading & Lagging DNA Strands
    05:15

Steps of DNA Replication

  • Steps of DNA Replication
    09:29

Introduction to Transcription

  • Overview of Transcription
    07:44
  • Introduction to Transcription
    05:51

Steps of Transcription

  • Elongation of Transcription
    02:44
  • Initiation of Transcription
    04:16
  • Elongation of Transcription
    04:01

Introduction to Translation

  • Ribosomal tRNA Binding Sites
    06:16
  • Ribosome Subunits
    08:42
  • Introduction to Translation
    06:12

Steps of Translation

  • Elongation of Translation
    04:59
  • Termination of Translation
    02:16
  • Steps of Translation
    05:03

Prokaryotic Gene Expression

  • Location of Transcription & Translation
    03:17
  • Simultaneous Transcription & Translation in Prokaryotes
    03:34
  • Prokaryotic Sigma (σ) Factors
    05:00

Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression

  • Positive vs Negative Gene Regulation
    02:17
  • Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression
    06:40

Introduction to Viruses

  • General Structure of Viruses
    04:47
  • Three Common Shapes of Viruses
    03:19
  • Enveloped vs. Non-Enveloped Viruses
    05:09

Bacterial Pathogenesis

  • Intro to Bacterial Pathogenesis
    02:35
  • 1) Exposure to Pathogen
    03:27
  • 3) Invasion into Host Tissues
    05:38

Introduction to Pathogenic Toxins

  • Introduction to Pathogenic Toxins
    03:40

Exotoxins Cause Damage to the Host

  • 1) A-B Toxins
    04:44
  • Types of Exotoxins
    03:30
  • 3) Superantigens
    03:59

Endotoxin Causes Damage to the Host

  • Endotoxin
    02:46
  • Lipid A Causes Septic Shock
    03:24

Exotoxins vs. Endotoxin Review

  • Exotoxins vs. Endotoxin Review
    07:22

Introduction to Immunity

  • Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
    05:52
  • Antigens & Antibodies
    02:58

Introduction to Innate Immunity

  • Introduction to Innate Immunity
    02:30
  • Map of Lesson on Innate Immunity
    06:42

Introduction to First-Line Defenses

  • Introduction to First-Line Defenses
    01:56
  • Map of the Lesson on First-Line Defenses
    01:37

Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Skin

  • Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Skin
    01:28
  • Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Skin
    04:08

Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Mucous Membrane

  • Peristalsis & Mucociliary Escalator
    04:16
  • Mucous Membranes
    02:34

First-Line Defenses: Chemical Barriers

  • Chemical Defenses: Gastric Juice Prevents Microbial Growth by Lowering pH
    02:07
  • Chemical Defenses: Earwax Prevents Microbial Growth by Controlling pH
    02:18
  • Chemical Defenses: Sweat Glands Prevent Microbial Growth by Perspiration
    02:04

First-Line Defenses: Normal Microbiota

  • Normal Microbiota
    03:43

Introduction to Cells of the Immune System

  • Introduction to Cells of the Immune System
    03:27
  • Map of the Lesson on Cells of the Immune System
    06:08
  • Hematopoiesis
    02:33

Cells of the Immune System: Granulocytes

  • Granulocytes
    03:32
  • Neutrophils
    05:32
  • Basophils
    03:23

Cells of the Immune System: Agranulocytes

  • Monocytes
    07:16
  • Introduction to Lymphocytes
    03:51
  • Agranulocytes
    03:43

Introduction to Cell Communication

  • Introduction to Cell Communication
    02:59

Cell Communication: Surface Receptors & Adhesion Molecules

  • Cell Surface Receptors
    04:05
  • Adhesion Molecules
    02:58

Cell Communication: Cytokines

  • Cytokines
    02:59
  • Types of Cytokines
    06:08
  • Types of Interleukins
    02:14

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

  • Pattern Recognition Receptors
    04:24
  • C-Type Lectin Receptors
    02:46
  • Retinoic acid Inducible Gene (RIG)-Like Receptors
    04:02

Introduction to the Complement System

  • Map of the Lesson on the Complement System
    03:25
  • Introduction to the Complement System
    04:25
  • Proteins of the Complement System
    04:16

Activation Pathways of the Complement System

  • 2) Lectin Pathway
    03:04
  • 1) Alternative Pathway
    04:40
  • 3) Classical Pathway
    03:42

Effects of the Complement System

  • 1) Opsonization
    04:09
  • 2) Cell Lysis of Invading Microbes
    03:18
  • Effects of the Complement System
    01:32

Phagoctytosis

  • Steps of Phagocytosis
    08:57
  • Phagoctytosis
    02:19

Introduction to Inflammation

  • Types of Inflammatory Responses
    02:52
  • Introduction to Inflammation
    01:38
  • Chronic Inflammation
    03:09

Steps of the Inflammatory Response

  • 2) Release of Inflammatory Mediators & Other Cytokines
    02:15
  • Damaging Effects of the Inflammatory Response
    02:10
  • 3) Vasodilation
    02:39

Fever

  • Fever
    03:57

Interferon Response

  • Interferon Response
    01:32
  • Steps of the Interferon Response
    09:59

Introduction to Adaptive Immunity

  • Overview of Adaptive Immunity
    04:57
  • Primary vs. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
    04:58
  • Introduction to Adaptive Immunity
    05:47

Antigens

  • Free Antigens vs. Presented Antigens on APCs
    04:11
  • Antigens
    03:59

Introduction to T Lymphocytes

  • Cytotoxic T Cells vs. Helper T Cells
    05:58
  • T-Cell Receptors
    05:18
  • Naive T Cells Become Effector & Memory T Cells
    07:56

Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules

  • Classes of MHC Molecules
    07:17
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules
    02:31

Activation of T Lymphocytes

  • Activation of T Lymphocytes
    07:33
  • Comic Strip for T Cell Activation
    03:29

Functions of T Lymphocytes

  • Functions of Helper T Cells (TH):Activation of Macrophages
    05:18
  • Types of Helper T Cells (TH)
    03:19
  • Functions of Cytotoxic T Cells (Tc)
    06:21

Review of Cytotoxic vs Helper T Cells

  • Review of Cytotoxic vs Helper T Cells
    04:27
  • Comic Strip for T Cell Functions
    02:58

Introduction to B Lymphocytes

  • B cell Receptors
    04:37
  • Naive B cells Become Effector (Plasma) Cells & Memory Cells
    04:23
  • Introduction to B Lymphocytes
    03:55

Antibodies

  • Antibody Structure
    05:40
  • Antibody Diversity
    02:34
  • Antibodies
    00:48

Classes of Antibodies

  • IgE
    02:45
  • IgA
    02:44
  • Classes of Antibodies
    04:43

Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Antigen

  • Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Antigen
    09:16

T Dependent & T Independent Antigens

  • B Cell Activation by T Dependent Antigens
    05:09
  • T Dependent & T Independent Antigens
    02:08
  • B Cell Activation by T Independent Antigens
    03:11

Clonal Selection

  • Clonal Selection
    06:43

Antibody Class Switching

  • Antibody Class Switching
    07:52

Affinity Maturation

  • Affinity Maturation
    07:27

Primary and Secondary Response of Adaptive Immunity

  • Primary and Secondary Response of Adaptive Immunity
    06:59

Immune Tolerance

  • Central vs. Peripheral Tolerance
    11:54
  • Immune Tolerance
    03:19
  • Football Analogy for Immune Tolerance
    03:21

Regulatory T Cells

  • Regulatory T Cells
    03:53

Natural Killer Cells

  • Natural Killer Cells
    06:53

Review of Adaptive Immunity

  • Review of Adaptive Immunity
    09:20

Introduction to Hypersensitivites

  • Overview: Hypersensitivities & Sensitization
    05:35
  • Introduction to Immunological Disorders
    02:03

Type I Hypersensitivities

  • Diagnosing & Treating Allergies
    04:31
  • Type I Hypersensitivities Example 3
    02:23
  • Type I Hypersensitivities Example 2
    01:52

Type II Hypersensitivities

  • Type II Hypersensitivity
    06:45
  • Type II Hypersensitivities Example 1
    02:17
  • Improper Blood Transfusion Reactions
    03:07

Type III Hypersensitivities

  • Steps of Immune Complex- Mediated Hypersensitivity
    02:22
  • Type III Hypersensitivities Example 1
    01:20
  • Type III (Immune Complex-Mediated) Hypersensitivity
    04:21

Type IV Hypersensitivities

  • Type IV Hypersensitivity
    04:10
  • Type IV Hypersensitivities Example 1
    01:53
  • 1) Contact Dermatitis
    03:47

Reviewing the 4 Types of Hypersensitivities

  • Reviewing the 4 Types of Hypersensitivities
    06:03
  • Reviewing the 4 Types of Hypersensitivities Example 1
    02:15

Autoimmune Diseases

  • Examples of Autoimmune Diseases
    03:36
  • Autoimmune Diseases
    03:40
  • Factors Contributing to Autoimmune Diseases
    03:09

Immunodeficiency Disorders

  • Secondary Immunodeficiencies
    02:41
  • Immunodeficiency Disorders Example 1
    02:05
  • Immunodeficiency Disorders
    03:13

Types of Acquired Immunity

  • Types of Acquired Immunity: Natural vs. Artificial
    02:31
  • 4 Types of Acquired Immunity
    03:52
  • Types of Acquired Immunity: Active vs. Passive
    02:21

Introduction to Vaccines

  • History of Vaccines
    04:19
  • 2 Types of Vaccines
    02:03

Attenuated Vaccines

  • Attenuated Vaccines
    03:06

Inactivated Vaccines

  • Inactivated Vaccines Example 1
    02:12
  • Inactivated Vaccines Example 2
    01:23
  • Review of Attenuated & Inactivated Vaccines
    03:40

Immunoassay: ELISA

  • Indirect ELISA
    02:50
  • Immunoassay: ELISA
    04:29
  • Direct ELISA (via "Sandwich" Method)
    03:56

Immunoassay: Western Blotting

  • Immunoassay: Western Blotting
    03:57