Question 1

Which of the following best describes an atom?

Accepted Answer

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.

Question 2

What is the main difference between a cation and an anion?

Accepted Answer

A cation has lost electrons and is positively charged, while an anion has gained electrons and is negatively charged.

Question 3

Which of the following compounds is considered organic?

Accepted Answer

C6H12O6 (glucose)

Question 4

A solution with a pH of 5 is considered:

Accepted Answer

Acidic

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration and pH?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{pH} = -\log_{10}[\mathrm{H}^+]$$

Question 6

Why are buffers important in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They stabilize pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions.

Question 7

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

Accepted Answer

Covalent bond

Question 8

What is the main function of enzymes in biological systems?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for chemical reactions.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes an amphipathic molecule?

Accepted Answer

A molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.

Question 10

Which of the following is a polymer of glucose and serves as an energy reserve in animals?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen

Question 11

Which bond is formed during the dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides?

Accepted Answer

Glycosidic bond

Question 12

Which of the following statements about lipids is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Unsaturated lipids contain one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of phospholipids in cells?

Accepted Answer

They are major components of cellular membranes.

Question 14

Which of the following correctly matches the macromolecule with its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Protein – Amino acid

Question 15

Which type of bond connects nucleotides in DNA and RNA?

Accepted Answer

Phosphodiester bond

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the tertiary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

The overall three-dimensional shape formed by folding of the polypeptide chain.

Question 17

A mutation that changes a single amino acid in a protein will directly affect which level of protein structure?

Accepted Answer

Primary structure

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE about ATP?

Accepted Answer

ATP releases energy when its phosphate bonds are broken.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes a decomposition reaction?

Accepted Answer

A reaction that breaks a substance down into simpler components.

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-life example of a hydrophobic molecule?

Accepted Answer

Olive oil

Chapter 2: Biochemistry Basics for Microbiology; Atoms, Molecules, and Macromolecules

Study Guide - Practice Questions