Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of restriction enzymes in molecular cloning?

Accepted Answer

They cut DNA at specific sequences, allowing for the insertion of genes into plasmids.

Question 2

A scientist wants to clone the human insulin gene into a bacterial plasmid. Which sequence of steps is most appropriate for this process?

Accepted Answer

Isolate the insulin gene, insert it into a plasmid using restriction enzymes, transform the plasmid into bacteria, and purify the insulin protein.

Question 3

Which ethical concern is most directly associated with the use of biotechnology for gene editing in humans?

Accepted Answer

Classism and unequal access to technology.

Question 4

In gel electrophoresis, which DNA fragments travel the furthest down the gel?

Accepted Answer

The fragments with the smallest number of base pairs.

Question 5

Which of the following is a major difference between traditional genetic engineering using restriction enzymes and CRISPR technology?

Accepted Answer

CRISPR can target almost any DNA sequence, while restriction enzymes require specific recognition sites.

Question 6

A researcher uses PCR ribotyping to identify bacterial strains. Which gene is most commonly amplified for this purpose?

Accepted Answer

16S rRNA gene

Question 7

Which of the following best explains how CRISPR protects bacteria from bacteriophage infection?

Accepted Answer

CRISPR stores viral DNA sequences in the bacterial genome, and uses guide RNA to direct Cas9 to cut invading viral DNA.

Question 8

Which of the following restriction enzymes creates sticky ends when cutting DNA?

Accepted Answer

EcoRI

Question 9

A patient is treated for cancer using CRISPR to delete the PD-1 gene in T cells. What is the expected outcome of this gene deletion?

Accepted Answer

T cells are better able to fight cancer cells.

Question 10

Which formula best represents the exponential amplification of DNA during PCR, where $$n is $$the number of cycles and $$N_0 is $$the initial number of DNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

$$N = N_0$ 	imes 2^n$$

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a real-world application of modern biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Natural fermentation of bread without any manipulation.

Question 12

A scientist wants to identify a bacterial species using PCR ribotyping. Which step is essential for distinguishing between different strains?

Accepted Answer

Analyzing the pattern of DNA bands after gel electrophoresis.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes recombinant DNA?

Accepted Answer

DNA that has been combined from two or more different sources.

Question 14

Which ethical principle is most relevant when considering privacy and security in genetic engineering?

Accepted Answer

Do no harm

Question 15

A molecular biologist is using CRISPR to insert a gene into a bacterial genome. Which component determines the location where Cas9 will cut?

Accepted Answer

Guide RNA (gRNA)

Question 16

Which of the following is a limitation of molecular cloning using restriction enzymes?

Accepted Answer

The gene of interest must have a restriction enzyme site for cutting.

Question 17

Which scenario best illustrates the use of identification technology in biotechnology?

Accepted Answer

Using PCR to amplify rRNA genes and gel electrophoresis to distinguish bacterial strains.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about sticky ends is correct?

Accepted Answer

Sticky ends are single-stranded overhangs created by certain restriction enzymes that facilitate the joining of DNA fragments.

Question 19

A forensic scientist uses PCR to analyze a DNA sample. After 30 cycles, starting with 1 molecule, how many DNA molecules are expected?

Accepted Answer

$$N = 1 	imes 2$$^{30}$$ = 1,073,741,824$$

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a function of CRISPR in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Communicating with bacteria in biofilms

Biotechnology: Principles, Techniques, and Applications in Microbiology

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