Question 1

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining oncotic (colloid osmotic) pressure in the blood, and what is the consequence of its deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Albumin; its deficiency leads to edema due to fluid imbalance

Question 2

A patient presents with swelling in the legs and abdomen. Laboratory tests reveal low albumin levels. Which physiological process is most directly affected, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Fluid balance; decreased oncotic pressure allows fluid to leak into tissues

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of erythrocytes?

Accepted Answer

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

Question 4

During a severe bacterial infection, which hematopoietic response occurs in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Rapid proliferation of immature neutrophils from myeloblasts

Question 5

Which white blood cell type is most abundant in peripheral blood and is the first to arrive at sites of infection?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 6

A patient with chronic inflammation is likely to have increased activity of which cell type, and what is its role in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Monocytes/macrophages; present antigens to T cells and activate lymphocytes

Question 7

Which plasma protein is converted to fibrin during the clotting process?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinogen

Question 8

Which hematopoietic growth factor is used clinically to stimulate the production of neutrophils in patients undergoing chemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor)

Question 9

Which diagnostic test is most appropriate for monitoring the progression of an inflammatory disease by measuring the rate at which erythrocytes settle?

Accepted Answer

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Question 10

Which of the following is the general term for all white blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytes

Question 11

A patient with anemia due to kidney failure may benefit from which hematopoietic growth factor?

Accepted Answer

EPO (erythropoietin)

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the origin of blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Proliferation from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?

Accepted Answer

Transporting gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 14

Which type of blood cell is responsible for forming the platelet plug during hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Thrombocytes

Question 15

Which of the following best explains the role of cytokines in hematopoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Cytokines are hormone-like growth factors that regulate blood cell proliferation and differentiation

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct match between a plasma protein and its function?

Accepted Answer

Beta globulin: transports iron and copper

Question 17

Which blood cell type increases in number during allergic reactions and parasitic infections, and what mechanism does it use against parasites?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophils; attach to parasites and release hydrolytic enzymes

Question 18

Which of the following diagnostic tests is most useful for determining the relative proportions of different white blood cell types in a patient with suspected leukemia?

Accepted Answer

White cell differential count

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a method for obtaining blood specimens?

Accepted Answer

Urine collection

Question 20

Which three types of lymphocytes play a key role in adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells

21 patho

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