Q: Calculate the cardiac output (CO) for a patient with a heart rate (HR) of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume (SV) of 70 mL/beat. Use the formula $CO = HR \times SV$.

$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600$ mL/min

Question 1

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 2

A patient with liver failure is at increased risk of edema due to decreased synthesis of which plasma protein, and why?

Accepted Answer

Albumin; because it maintains osmotic pressure

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of eosinophils?

Accepted Answer

Defend against parasites and play a role in allergies/asthma

Question 4

A newborn develops hemolytic disease due to Rh incompatibility. Which maternal and fetal blood types are most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Mother: Rh-, Fetus: Rh+

Question 5

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is characterized by all heart valves being closed and the ventricles contracting without a change in volume?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric contraction (early ventricular systole)

Question 6

Calculate the cardiac output (CO) for a patient with a heart rate (HR) of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume (SV) of 70 mL/beat. Use the formula $CO = HR 	imes SV$.

Accepted Answer

$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600$ mL/min

Question 7

Which of the following would most likely increase venous return to the heart during exercise?

Accepted Answer

Increased respiratory pump activity

Question 8

A patient is given a beta-blocker. What is the expected effect on heart rate and why?

Accepted Answer

Heart rate decreases due to inhibition of sympathetic effects

Question 9

Which vessel type acts as a blood reservoir, storing 60–70% of the blood at rest?

Accepted Answer

Veins

Question 10

Which of the following capillary types is most permeable and found in the liver and bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal

Question 11

A patient with chronic hypertension has increased afterload. Which ventricle is most affected and why?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle; must overcome higher aortic pressure

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why the action potential in cardiac muscle cells has a plateau phase?

Accepted Answer

Slow influx of Ca2+ ions balanced by K+ efflux

Question 13

Which equation correctly represents the calculation for Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) at a capillary bed?

Accepted Answer

$NFP = (HP_b - HP_i) - (COP_b - COP_i)$

Question 14

Which of the following would most likely result in a decreased mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

Accepted Answer

Decreased cardiac output

Question 15

A patient with a hematocrit of 60% is likely to have which of the following changes in blood flow resistance?

Accepted Answer

Increased resistance due to higher viscosity

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of platelets in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Forming a platelet plug at sites of vessel injury

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the Frank-Starling law in cardiac physiology?

Accepted Answer

Increased preload leads to increased stroke volume

Question 18

Which of the following would most likely cause a positive chronotropic effect on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Release of norepinephrine binding to $\beta$-adrenergic receptors

Question 19

Which of the following is a unique feature of nodal (pacemaker) cells compared to contractile cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

Spontaneous depolarization (autorhythmicity)

Question 20

A patient with a mutation causing nonfunctional gap junctions in cardiac muscle would most likely experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Impaired electrical conduction between cardiac cells

Cardiovascular System: Blood, Heart, and Vessels – Study Notes for Microbiology Students

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