Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to the Cell Theory?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 2

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink (crenate) as water leaves the cell, but the cell wall helps prevent complete collapse.

Question 3

Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is responsible for its ability to cause fever and shock in humans?

Accepted Answer

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), specifically the lipid A portion

Question 4

A scientist observes a cell with a thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acids, and no outer membrane. After Gram staining, what color will the cell appear and why?

Accepted Answer

Purple, because the thick peptidoglycan layer retains the crystal violet-iodine complex.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics that target peptidoglycan synthesis are effective against bacteria but not against human cells?

Accepted Answer

Human cells lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

Question 6

Which process is illustrated by the equation $$\mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6$} + 6\mathrm{O_2$} ightarrow 6\mathrm{CO_2$} + 6\mathrm{H_2O} + 	ext{energy}$$ and where does it primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Cellular respiration; mitochondrion

Question 7

A bacterium is able to survive boiling water for several hours. Which structure is most likely responsible for this resistance?

Accepted Answer

Endospore

Question 8

Which of the following transport processes requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 9

A bacterial cell is placed in a solution containing a high concentration of glucose. The cell accumulates glucose by phosphorylating it as it enters. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Group translocation

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the endosymbiotic theory is supported by evidence from mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

They contain 70S ribosomes and circular DNA, similar to prokaryotes.

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces and protection from desiccation

Question 12

A patient is diagnosed with tuberculosis. The causative agent is an acid-fast bacterium. Which cell wall component is most responsible for its acid-fast property?

Accepted Answer

Mycolic acid

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of microtubules in a eukaryotic flagellum?

Accepted Answer

$$9 + 2$$ arrangement

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all living organisms, as described in the study materials?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 15

Which of the following structures is found in Archaea but NOT in Bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Hamus (hami)

Question 16

A scientist discovers a unicellular organism with a cell wall composed of chitin. To which group does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Fungi

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why archaeal membranes are more stable in extreme environments compared to bacterial membranes?

Accepted Answer

Archaeal membranes contain ether linkages and branched isoprenoid chains.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct statement about the function of fimbriae in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Fimbriae are used for attachment to surfaces and biofilm formation.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Cell Structure and Function: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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