Question 1

Which of the following best explains why cells have limits on their surface area to volume ratio?

Accepted Answer

A higher surface area to volume ratio allows for more efficient exchange of materials with the environment.

Question 2

A compound light microscope has an objective lens with a magnification of $10	imes$ and an ocular lens with a magnification of $40	imes$. What is the total magnification?

Accepted Answer

$400	imes$

Question 3

In which situation would you use an electron microscope instead of a light microscope?

Accepted Answer

To observe the detailed structure of a virus particle.

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 5

Which structure is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes

Question 6

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in their cell wall structure. Which statement is correct?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, while Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the motion of prokaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic flagella rotate like a propeller to move the cell.

Question 8

Why do antibiotics typically kill bacteria but do not harm human hosts?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics target structures unique to bacteria, such as peptidoglycan in cell walls.

Question 9

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 10

What is the main function of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Digesting and recycling cellular waste and macromolecules

Question 11

A protein is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. What is the correct order of organelles it passes through before being secreted from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough ER $\rightarrow$ Golgi apparatus $\rightarrow$ plasma membrane

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a biological function of lysosomes?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 13

Which statement best describes the Endosymbiotic Theory?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotes engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Question 14

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for maintaining cell shape and resisting tension?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments

Question 15

Which junction allows direct cytoplasmic communication between adjacent animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Gap junction

Question 16

Which structure is unique to plant cells and not found in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Cell wall

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of chloroplasts in producers?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct comparison between plasmodesmata and gap junctions?

Accepted Answer

Plasmodesmata connect plant cells, while gap junctions connect animal cells.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains how cell structure leads to cell specialization?

Accepted Answer

Specific organelles and structures enable cells to perform specialized functions, such as muscle cells having abundant mitochondria for contraction.

Cell Structure, Microscopy, and Cell Specialization: Study Notes for Microbiology

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