Question 1

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Immediate response to all pathogens

Question 2

A patient receives a vaccine containing mRNA for the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Which process best describes how this vaccine stimulates adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

The mRNA is translated into S protein, which acts as an antigen, inducing antibody production.

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc or CD8 cells)?

Accepted Answer

They directly kill infected or abnormal cells.

Question 4

Which class of MHC molecule is found on all nucleated cells and is responsible for presenting endogenous antigens?

Accepted Answer

Class I MHC

Question 5

A person is exposed to a pathogen for the second time. Which cell type is primarily responsible for the rapid and robust antibody response?

Accepted Answer

Memory B cells

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of antibodies that enhances phagocytosis by marking pathogens for ingestion?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization

Question 7

Which type of acquired immunity is exemplified when a person receives antibodies from another individual, such as through breast milk?

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the process of antigen presentation for exogenous antigens?

Accepted Answer

Antigen is processed and presented on MHC class II molecules to helper T cells.

Question 9

Which of the following equations best represents the clonal expansion of activated T cells, where $N$ is the number of clones produced from one activated cell after $n$ divisions?

Accepted Answer

$N = 2^n$

Question 10

A patient with a genetic defect cannot produce MHC class II molecules. Which immune function would be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Activation of helper T cells

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity primarily targets extracellular pathogens, while cell-mediated immunity targets intracellular pathogens.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of regulatory T lymphocytes (Tr cells)?

Accepted Answer

They repress adaptive immune responses to prevent autoimmunity.

Question 13

Which antibody class is most abundant in serum and is responsible for the secondary immune response?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 14

A virus infects a cell and viral proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm. Which pathway will present these antigens to cytotoxic T cells?

Accepted Answer

Endogenous antigen processing via MHC class I

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the activation of cytotoxic T cells during a cell-mediated immune response?

Accepted Answer

Antigen presentation → IL-12 production → Th1 differentiation → IL-2 production → Tc activation

Question 16

Which function of antibodies is most important in preventing a virus from attaching to and entering host cells?

Accepted Answer

Neutralization

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why adaptive immunity does not normally attack self-antigens?

Accepted Answer

Adaptive immunity exhibits unresponsiveness to self, preventing autoimmunity.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of helper T cells (Th or CD4 cells) in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

They regulate the activities of B cells and cytotoxic T cells by producing cytokines.

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world example of artificially acquired active immunity?

Accepted Answer

Receiving a vaccine for measles

Question 20

Which pathway is used by cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis in target cells by releasing proteins that form pores in the target cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Perforin-granzyme pathway

Chapter 16: Adaptive Immunity – Structure and Function in Microbiology

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