Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between humoral and cell-mediated immunity?

Accepted Answer

Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells to neutralize extracellular pathogens, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cells targeting infected or abnormal cells.

Question 2

A patient receives a vaccine containing inactivated virus. What type of immunity is being induced?

Accepted Answer

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 3

Which region of an antibody is responsible for binding to antigens?

Accepted Answer

Variable region

Question 4

A hapten can elicit an immune response only when:

Accepted Answer

It binds to a carrier molecule, forming a hapten-carrier conjugate.

Question 5

Which immunoglobulin class is most abundant in serum and is primarily responsible for secondary immune responses?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 6

During clonal selection, what triggers the activation of a specific B cell?

Accepted Answer

Binding of an antigen to the B cell receptor and help from a T helper cell

Question 7

Which of the following is a result of antigen-antibody binding?

Accepted Answer

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Question 8

A patient is exposed to a pathogen for the first time. Which immunoglobulin is produced first during the primary immune response?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 9

Which cytokine is primarily involved in the differentiation of CD4+ T helper cells?

Accepted Answer

IL-4

Question 10

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is essential for:

Accepted Answer

Recognition of antigens by T cells

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why HIV infection leads to immunodeficiency?

Accepted Answer

HIV destroys CD4+ T helper cells, impairing both humoral and cellular immunity.

Question 12

Which process describes the production of monoclonal antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Fusion of a B cell with a myeloma cell to form a hybridoma, which is then cultured to produce identical antibodies

Question 13

Which of the following is true regarding T-independent antigens?

Accepted Answer

They can directly activate B cells without T cell help, often being polysaccharides or lipopolysaccharides.

Question 14

Which cell type is responsible for killing virus-infected cells by releasing perforin and granzymes?

Accepted Answer

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

Question 15

Which immunoglobulin class is most important in mucosal immunity and is found in secretions such as saliva and tears?

Accepted Answer

IgA

Question 16

A newborn receives antibodies from its mother through breast milk. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 17

Which of the following is a function of activated macrophages in the immune response?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis and presentation of antigens to T cells

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the dual nature of the adaptive immune system?

Accepted Answer

It includes humoral immunity targeting extracellular pathogens and cellular immunity targeting intracellular pathogens, functioning interdependently.

Question 19

Which of the following equations best represents the relationship between antigen concentration and antibody production during a secondary immune response?

Accepted Answer

$C_{Ab} = C_{Ab,0} + \alpha 	imes [Ag]_{secondary}$

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Fc region of an antibody?

Accepted Answer

Binding to antigenic epitopes

Chapter 17: Adaptive Immunity – Specific Defenses of the Host

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