Q: During aerobic respiration, what is the overall chemical equation for the breakdown of glucose?

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + \text{energy}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why water is an excellent solvent for polar molecules?

Accepted Answer

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with polar molecules, allowing them to dissolve.

Question 2

A scientist is studying a newly discovered microbe that has a circular chromosome, no membrane-bound organelles, and a cell wall containing peptidoglycan. To which domain does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Bacteria

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the difference between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer and no outer membrane.

Question 4

Which of the following is the general formula for a carbohydrate?

Accepted Answer

$$C_nH_{2n}O_n$$

Question 5

A patient is given penicillin to treat a bacterial infection. The infection is caused by a Gram-negative bacterium. Which of the following best explains why penicillin is less effective against this bacterium?

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that blocks penicillin from reaching the peptidoglycan layer.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis?

Accepted Answer

A water molecule is removed to join two monomers, forming a polymer.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about ATP is correct?

Accepted Answer

ATP stores energy in the bonds between its phosphate groups, and energy is released when the terminal phosphate is removed.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are sensitive to changes in pH and temperature?

Accepted Answer

Changes in pH and temperature can alter the enzyme's active site, affecting substrate binding.

Question 9

During aerobic respiration, what is the overall chemical equation for the breakdown of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 ightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 	ext{energy}$$

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

It transfers electrons from NADH and FADH$$_2 to $$oxygen, creating a proton gradient used to make ATP.

Question 11

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will lose water and shrink (plasmolysis).

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a true polymer?

Accepted Answer

Lipid

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Active transport requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient, while facilitated diffusion does not require energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial capsule?

Accepted Answer

It protects the cell from desiccation and helps evade the host immune system.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about the endosymbiotic theory is supported by evidence?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA similar to bacteria.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of NAD$$^+/$$NADH in cellular metabolism?

Accepted Answer

NAD$$^+$$ acts as an electron carrier, accepting electrons during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle and becoming NADH.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct order of taxonomic categories from largest to smallest?

Accepted Answer

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 18

A microbiologist isolates a bacterium that can grow in extremely salty environments, such as salt lakes. To which group does this organism most likely belong?

Accepted Answer

Halophile

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why lactic acid bacteria (LAB) grow more slowly than many other bacteria?

Accepted Answer

LAB rely on fermentation, which yields less ATP per glucose molecule than respiration.

Question 20

Which of the following is a major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not.

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