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Comprehensive Study Guide for Microbiology Final Exam

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Importance of Microorganisms

  • Environmental Benefits of Microorganisms
    04:27
  • Importance of Microorganisms
    01:25
  • Microorganisms as Research Tools
    03:48

Scientific Naming of Organisms

  • Scientific Naming of Organisms
    05:22

Members of the Bacterial World

  • Members of the Bacterial World
    06:17

Endospores

  • Endospores
    05:35
  • Endospore Structure
    03:08

Sporulation

  • Sporulation
    04:08

Germination

  • Germination
    02:59

Cell Envelope & Biological Membranes

  • Cell Envelope & Biological Membranes Example 1
    02:21
  • Biological Membranes
    02:10
  • Intro to Biological Membranes
    06:16

Bacterial & Eukaryotic Cell Membranes

  • Cholesterol in Animal Membranes
    02:38
  • Bacterial & Eukaryotic Cell Membranes
    03:58

Archaeal Cell Membranes

  • Archaeal Cell Membranes
    03:59
  • Types of Archaeal Membrane Lipids
    04:59

Types of Membrane Proteins

  • Types of Membrane Proteins
    03:23
  • Membrane Protein Functions
    03:35

Introduction to Membrane Transport

  • Map of the Lesson on Membrane Transport
    02:26
  • Introduction to Membrane Transport
    03:00
  • Which Molecules Freely Cross Membranes?
    05:31

Passive vs. Active Transport

  • Classes of Membrane Transport Proteins
    03:41
  • Passive vs. Active Transport
    05:05

Simple and Facilitated Diffusion

  • Simple and Facilitated Diffusion
    04:59
  • Transport Proteins of Facilitated Diffusion
    04:49

Active Transport

  • Secondary Active Transport
    06:57
  • Active Transport
    02:37
  • Primary Active Transport
    02:53

ABC Transporters

  • ABC Transporters Provide Multidrug Resistance
    06:20

Group Translocation

  • Group Translocation
    03:37

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

  • Recap:Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
    04:26
  • Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
    05:54
  • Features of Bacterial Cells
    03:54

Binary Fission

  • Binary Fission
    02:16
  • Steps of Binary Fission
    04:57

Generation Times

  • Calculating Generation Times
    05:48
  • Generation Times
    02:54

Bacterial Cell Morphology & Arrangements

  • Types of Bacterial Cell Morphology
    02:44
  • Bacterial Cell Morphology & Arrangements
    01:13
  • Bacilli Bacterial Cell Arrangements
    03:56

Overview of Prokaryotic Cell Structure

  • Overview of Prokaryotic Cell Structure
    05:59

Introduction to Bacterial Cell Walls

  • Peptidoglycan
    01:58
  • Types of Bacterial Cell Walls
    02:44
  • Peptidoglycan Structure
    04:44

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

  • Teichoic Acids
    03:58
  • Gram-Positive Cell Walls
    02:59

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

  • Gram-Negative Cell Walls
    3:04
  • Porins
    02:18
  • The Outer Membrane
    02:15

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Cell Walls

  • Mnemonic for Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Cell Walls
    01:41
  • Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Cell Walls
    04:46

The Glycocalyx: Capsules & Slime Layers

  • The Glycocalyx: Capsules & Slime Layers
    02:26
  • Capsules vs. Slime Layers
    01:53

Introduction to Biofilms

  • Introduction to Biofilms
    03:31

Pili

  • Sex Pilus
    03:29
  • Cell Motility by Pili
    02:59
  • Pili
    01:02

Fimbriae & Hami

  • Fimbriae & Hami
    01:52
  • Hami
    01:51

Introduction to Prokaryotic Flagella

  • Types of Flagellar Distribution on Bacteria
    05:22
  • Introduction to Prokaryotic Flagella
    02:07

Prokaryotic Flagellar Structure

  • Structure of Gram-Positive Basal Body
    02:28
  • Prokaryotic Flagellar Structure
    02:53
  • Gram-Negative vs. Gram-Positive Basal Body Structure
    01:59

Prokaryotic Flagellar Movement

  • Prokaryotic Flagellar Movement
    02:43
  • Runs and Tumbles
    03:17

Proton Motive Force Drives Flagellar Motility

  • Proton Motive Force Drives Flagellar Motility
    04:17

Chemotaxis

  • Cell Motility During Chemotaxis
    05:11
  • Chemotaxis
    03:21

Review of Prokaryotic Surface Structures

  • Review of Prokaryotic Surface Structures
    03:52
  • Types of Cell Motility
    02:13

Prokaryotic Ribosomes

  • Prokaryotic Ribosomes
    01:51
  • Structure of Prokaryotic Ribosomes
    08:39

Introduction to Bacterial Plasmids

  • Episomes
    01:47
  • Introduction to Bacterial Plasmids
    02:52

Viruses Evade the Immune Response

  • 3) Viruses Avoid the Effects of Antibodies
    3:57
  • Intro to How Viruses Evade the Immune Response
    02:13
  • 2) Viruses Interfere with Antigen Presentation in Infected Cells
    3:43

Introduction to Viruses

  • General Structure of Viruses
    04:47
  • Three Common Shapes of Viruses
    03:19
  • Enveloped vs. Non-Enveloped Viruses
    05:09

Viroids

  • Viroids
    03:49

Prions

  • Prion Development in Neurons Leads to Scrapie
    04:00
  • Prions
    03:05

Biofilms

  • Quorum Sensing
    04:13
  • Steps of Biofilm Development
    04:32
  • Biofilms
    03:14

Growing a Pure Culture

  • Growing a Pure Culture
    02:58

Microbial Growth Curves in a Closed System

  • Microbial Growth Curves in a Closed System
    08:59
  • Primary & Secondary Metabolites
    02:33

Temperature Requirements for Microbial Growth

  • Temperature Requirements for Microbial Growth
    04:16
  • Classification of Microbes by Growth Temperature
    04:56
  • How to Memorize the Classification of Microbes by Growth Temperatures
    01:59

Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth

  • Reactive Oxygen Species
    04:43
  • Oxygen Requirement Classes of Microbes
    07:27
  • Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth
    03:52

pH Requirements for Microbial Growth

  • pH Requirements for Microbial Growth
    03:11
  • Optimal Growth pH Classes of Microbes
    03:23

Osmolarity Factors for Microbial Growth

  • Osmolarity Factors for Microbial Growth
    06:30

Reviewing the Environmental Factors of Microbial Growth

  • Reviewing the Environmental Factors of Microbial Growth
    07:21

Nutritional Factors of Microbial Growth

  • Reviewing the Nutritional Growth Factors of Microbes
    02:20
  • Carbon Source:Heterotrophs vs. Autotrophs
    02:59
  • Nutritional Factors of Microbial Growth
    02:57

Growth Factors

  • Growth Factors
    01:55

Introduction to Cultivating Microbial Growth

  • Map of Techniques for Cultivating Microbes
    02:05
  • Introduction to Cultivating Microbial Growth
    03:49

Types of Solid Culture Media

  • Types of Solid Culture Media
    03:16

Plating Methods

  • Streak-Plate Method
    05:16
  • Spread-Plate Method vs. Pour-Plate Method
    05:36

Measuring Growth by Direct Cell Counts

  • Types of Direct Cell Counting Instruments
    02:32
  • Direct Microscopic Cell Counts
    03:28

Measuring Growth by Plate Counts

  • Measuring Growth by Plate Counts
    07:16
  • Measuring Growth by Plate Counts
    01:36

Measuring Growth by Membrane Filtration

  • Measuring Growth by Membrane Filtration
    02:29

Measuring Growth by Biomass

  • Measuring Total Weight
    03:27
  • Measuring Growth by Biomass
    05:58

Introduction to the Types of Culture Media

  • Introduction to the Types of Culture Media
    02:42

Chemically Defined Media

  • Chemically Defined Media
    01:53

Complex Media

  • Complex Media
    02:59

Selective Media

  • Selective Media
    03:27

Differential Media

  • Differential Media
    04:34

Reducing Media

  • Reducing Media
    02:55

Enrichment Media

  • Enrichment Media
    04:20

Reviewing the Types of Culture Media

  • Reviewing the Types of Culture Media
    02:55

Introduction to Controlling Microbial Growth

  • Terminology of Microbial Growth Control
    07:36
  • Hierarchy of Microbial Growth Control Terminology
    03:09
  • Situations Warranting Different Levels of Microbial Growth Control
    05:58

Selecting a Method to Control Microbial Growth

  • Types of Microbes (Microbial Characteristics)
    07:24
  • Overall Risk of Infection
    04:52
  • Environmental Factors
    04:18

Physical Methods to Control Microbial Growth

  • Dry Heat
    02:58
  • Irradiation
    06:18
  • Filtration
    04:29

Review of Physical Methods to Control Microbial Growth

  • Review of Physical Methods to Control Microbial Growth
    04:22

Chemical Methods to Control Microbial Growth

  • Types of Disinfectants
    05:21
  • Selecting the Right Chemical Agent
    04:52
  • Chemical Methods to Control Microbial Growth
    03:58

Chemicals Used to Control Microbial Growth

  • Chemicals Used to Control Microbial Growth
    02:29
  • Factors Affecting Chemical Agents
    03:17

Liquid Chemicals: Alcohols, Aldehydes, & Biguanides

  • Alcohols
    03:39
  • Biguanides
    02:41
  • Aldehydes
    03:59

Liquid Chemicals: Halogens

  • Iodine
    02:15
  • Chlorine
    03:16
  • Liquid Chemicals: Halogens
    00:56

Liquid Chemicals: Surface-Active Agents

  • Liquid Chemicals: Surface-Active Agents
    04:14
  • Soaps & Detergents
    06:20
  • Quats
    02:33

Other Types of Liquid Chemicals

  • Heavy Metal Compounds
    02:19
  • Peroxygens
    04:31
  • Phenolic Compounds
    02:27

Chemical Gases: Ethylene Oxide, Ozone, & Formaldehyde

  • Ozone
    02:36
  • Formaldehyde Gas
    02:56
  • Chemical Gases: Ethylene Oxide
    03:22

Review of Chemicals Used to Control Microbial Growth

  • Review of Chemicals Used to Control Microbial Growth
    05:41

Chemical Preservation of Perishable Products

  • Nitrate & Nitrite in Food Preservation
    03:15
  • Organic Acids Used in Food Preservation
    02:11
  • Chemical Preservation of Perishable Products
    01:16

Introduction to Antimicrobial Drugs

  • Guided course
    History of Antimicrobial Drugs
    05:33

How Antimicrobial Drugs Work

  • Guided course
    Selective Toxicity
    05:27
  • Guided course
    How Antimicrobial Drugs Work Example 1
    03:28

Broad vs Narrow Spectrum Drugs

  • Guided course
    Broad vs Narrow Spectrum
    04:05

Superinfections

  • Guided course
    Superinfections Example 1
    01:59
  • Guided course
    Superinfections
    05:16

Drug Interactions: Synergism and Antagonism

  • Guided course
    Drug Synergism & Antagonism
    03:06
  • Guided course
    Drug Interactions: Synergism and Antagonism Example 1
    03:17

Therapeutic Window & Therapeutic Index

  • Guided course
    Therapeutic Window & Therapeutic Index
    04:08

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Beta-lactam & Penicillin

  • Guided course
    Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Beta-lactam & Penicillin Example 3
    04:02
  • Guided course
    Other Beta-lactam Antibiotics
    04:51
  • Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Beta-lactam & Penicillin Example 2
    02:21

Disruptors of Cell Membranes

  • Guided course
    Disruptors of Cell Membranes
    04:03

Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Polypeptide Antibiotics & Isoniazid

  • Guided course
    Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis: Polypeptide Antibiotics & Isoniazid Example 1
    02:14
  • Guided course
    Polypeptide Antibiotics & Isoniazid
    03:43

Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis

  • Guided course
    Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
    05:25
  • Guided course
    Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis Example 1
    03:04

Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

  • Guided course
    Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Example 1
    02:21
  • Guided course
    Inhibitors of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
    05:01

Competitive Inhibitors of Metabolic Pathways

  • Guided course
    Competitive Inhibitors of Metabolic Pathways Example 1
    02:36
  • Guided course
    Sulfa Drugs & Folic Acid Synthesis
    05:22

Antifungal Drugs

  • Guided course
    Antifungal Drugs
    06:43
  • Guided course
    Antifungal Drugs Example 1
    02:06

Antiviral Drugs

  • Guided course
    Antiviral Drugs
    07:25

Tests to Guide Antimicrobial Use

  • Guided course
    Tests to Guide Antimicrobial Use Example 1
    04:17
  • Guided course
    Disk Diffusion Methods Including Kirby-Bauer Test
    06:04
  • Guided course
    Broth Dilution Test
    04:53

Antimicrobial Resistance

  • Guided course
    Types of Resistance Mechanisms
    05:04
  • Guided course
    Spread of Antibiotic Resistance
    04:45
  • Guided course
    Antibiotic Resistance
    03:45

Introduction to Energy

  • Thermodynamics: System vs. Surroundings
    04:21
  • Introduction to Energy
    04:58

Laws of Thermodynamics

  • Second Law of Thermodynamics
    02:52
  • Entropy
    03:21
  • First Law of Thermodynamics
    04:41

Chemical Reactions

  • Chemical Reactions
    01:56
  • Types of Chemical Reactions
    05:48

ATP

  • Energy Coupling
    04:57
  • ATP
    06:44
  • Phosphorylation
    03:00

Enzymes

  • Functions of Enzymes
    02:32
  • Enzymes Example 1
    02:25
  • Enzymes
    02:55

Enzyme Activation Energy

  • Enzyme Activation Energy
    04:18
  • Enzymes Lower EA
    03:26

Enzyme Binding Factors

  • Cofactors
    04:22
  • Enzyme-Substrate Complex
    03:49

Enzyme Inhibition

  • Enzyme Inhibition
    05:03

Introduction to Metabolism

  • Introduction to Metabolism
    02:17
  • Catabolic & Anabolic Pathways
    03:25

Negative & Positive Feedback

  • Positive Feedback
    02:19
  • Negative Feedback
    02:41

Redox Reactions

  • Redox Reactions Example 1
    01:44
  • Electron Carriers: NADH & FADH2
    05:22
  • Redox Reactions
    04:46

Introduction to Aerobic Cellular Respiration

  • Stages of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
    02:32
  • Introduction to Aerobic Cellular Respiration
    03:38
  • Introduction to Aerobic Cellular Respiration Example 2
    01:53

Types of Phosphorylation

  • Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
    03:00
  • Oxidative Phosphorylation
    06:27
  • Types of Phosphorylation
    01:06

Glycolysis

  • Phases of Glycolysis
    05:57
  • Glycolysis Example 1
    01:29
  • Remembering Phases of Glycolysis
    02:49

Entner-Doudoroff Pathway

  • Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
    08:59

Pentose-Phosphate Pathway

  • Pentose-Phosphate Pathway
    04:44

Pyruvate Oxidation

  • Pyruvate Oxidation
    04:38

Krebs Cycle

  • Krebs Cycle Example 1
    01:20
  • Krebs Cycle
    01:37
  • Phases of The Krebs Cycle
    09:54

Electron Transport Chain

  • Remembering the ETC
    04:43
  • Electron Transport Chain in Prokaryotes
    02:49
  • Electron Transport Chain
    07:41

Chemiosmosis

  • Chemiosmosis
    05:01

Review of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

  • Total Products for Each Stage of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
    07:25
  • Review of Aerobic Cellular Respiration
    07:50

Fermentation & Anaerobic Respiration

  • Lactic Acid Fermentation
    03:33
  • What Happens to Aerobic Organisms if There's No Oxygen?
    07:50
  • Alcohol Fermentation
    01:59

Introduction to Photosynthesis

  • Introduction to Photosynthesis
    03:32
  • Photosynthesis is a Redox Reaction
    03:20
  • Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
    07:55

Leaf & Chloroplast Anatomy

  • Leaf & Chloroplast Anatomy
    08:18

Electromagnetic Spectrum

  • Electromagnetic Spectrum
    04:29

Pigments of Photosynthesis

  • Pigments of Photosynthesis
    05:58
  • Introduction to Photosystems
    04:58
  • Absorption Spectrum of Photosynthesis
    02:52

Stages of Photosynthesis

  • Stages of Photosynthesis
    03:16
  • Map of the Lesson on Photosynthesis
    02:40

Light Reactions of Photosynthesis

  • Light Reactions of Photosynthesis Example 1
    01:48
  • Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
    04:06
  • Steps of the Light Reactions
    14:56

Cyclic vs. Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation

  • Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
    03:57
  • Cyclic Photophosphorylation
    04:36
  • Cyclic vs. Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation
    02:06

Calvin Cycle

  • Calvin Cycle
    03:42
  • 3 Phases of the Calvin Cycle (C3 Pathway)
    11:14

Prokaryotic Photosynthesis

  • Prokaryotic Photosynthesis
    02:42
  • Oxygenic vs. Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
    05:23

The Griffith Experiment

  • The Griffith Experiment
    08:56

The Hershey-Chase Experiment

  • The Hershey-Chase Experiment
    03:59
  • Bacteriophages
    03:44

Chargaff's Rules

  • Chargaff's Rules
    04:33

Discovering the Structure of DNA

  • Detailed DNA Structure
    06:24
  • Discovering the Structure of DNA
    04:41

Meselson-Stahl Experiment

  • Meselson-Stahl Experiment
    09:03

Introduction to DNA Replication

  • Unwinding the DNA:Topoisomerase, Helicase & SSBs
    05:10
  • Components of DNA Replication
    04:47
  • Origin of Replication
    03:33

DNA Polymerases

  • DNA Polymerase Distinguishes Template from New Strand via Methylation
    03:47
  • DNA Polymerases Requirements
    05:03
  • DNA Polymerases
    04:01

Leading & Lagging DNA Strands

  • Leading & Lagging DNA Strands
    05:15

Steps of DNA Replication

  • Steps of DNA Replication
    09:29

DNA Repair

  • DNA Repair
    03:20
  • DNA Proofreading & Repair Enzymes
    02:12

Central Dogma

  • Central Dogma
    05:45

Introduction to Transcription

  • Overview of Transcription
    07:44
  • Introduction to Transcription
    05:51

Steps of Transcription

  • Elongation of Transcription
    02:44
  • Initiation of Transcription
    04:16
  • Elongation of Transcription
    04:01

Transcription Termination in Prokaryotes

  • Transcription Termination in Prokaryotes
    04:17

Introduction to Types of RNA

  • Introduction to Types of RNA
    07:20

Genetic Code

  • How to Use the Genetic Code
    11:39
  • Genetic Code
    01:28

Introduction to Translation

  • Ribosomal tRNA Binding Sites
    06:16
  • Ribosome Subunits
    08:42
  • Introduction to Translation
    06:12

Steps of Translation

  • Elongation of Translation
    04:59
  • Termination of Translation
    02:16
  • Steps of Translation
    05:03

Review of Transcription vs. Translation

  • Review of Transcription vs. Translation
    04:07

Prokaryotic Gene Expression

  • Location of Transcription & Translation
    03:17
  • Simultaneous Transcription & Translation in Prokaryotes
    03:34
  • Prokaryotic Sigma (σ) Factors
    05:00

Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression

  • Positive vs Negative Gene Regulation
    02:17
  • Introduction to Regulation of Gene Expression
    06:40

Prokaryotic Gene Regulation via Operons

  • Inducible Operons
    04:25
  • Prokaryotic Gene Regulation via Operons
    00:53
  • Repressible Operons
    03:42

The Lac Operon

  • In the Absence of Lactose
    04:34
  • The Lac Operon
    07:06
  • In the Presence of Lactose
    03:56

Glucose's Impact on Lac Operon

  • Positive Control by cAMP & CRP
    08:32
  • Glucose's Impact on Lac Operon Example 1
    06:20
  • Glucose Levels, cAMP, & the Lac Operon
    05:58

The Trp Operon

  • In the Presence of Tryptophan
    03:11
  • The Trp Operon
    05:30
  • In the Absence of Tryptophan
    03:42

Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon

  • Review of the Lac Operon & Trp Operon
    06:24

Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

  • Map of Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
    04:22
  • Introduction to Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
    03:47

Eukaryotic Chromatin Modifications

  • Eukaryotic Chromatin Modifications
    03:55
  • Histone Acetylation
    04:14
  • DNA Methylation
    03:39

Eukaryotic Transcriptional Control

  • Eukaryotic Transcriptional Control
    03:32
  • Eukaryotic Transcriptional Control
    03:51
  • Eukaryotic Transcriptional Control
    03:57

Eukaryotic Post-Transcriptional Regulation

  • Eukaryotic Post-Transcriptional Regulation
    01:56
  • 3) RNA Interference
    04:16
  • 1) Alternative RNA Splicing
    05:17

Post-Translational Modification

  • Post-Translational Modification
    04:26

Eukaryotic Post-Translational Regulation

  • Protein Ubiquitination
    02:45
  • Eukaryotic Post-Translational Regulation
    03:55

Eukaryotic RNA Processing and Splicing

  • Eukaryotic RNA Processing and Splicing
    02:32
  • 2) RNA Splicing Creates Mature mRNA
    08:44
  • 1) RNA Processing
    04:19

Review of Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Gene Expression

  • Review of Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Gene Expression
    05:30

Introduction to Microbial Genetics

  • Map of the Lesson on Microbial Genetics
    02:04
  • Introduction to Microbial Genetics
    04:20

Introduction to Mutations

  • Spontaneous vs. Induced Mutations
    02:47
  • Introduction to Mutations
    00:37
  • Types of Mutations
    08:44

Methods of Inducing Mutations

  • Chemical Mutagens
    05:13
  • Radiation Mutagens
    02:55
  • Methods of Inducing Mutations
    03:19

Prototrophs vs. Auxotrophs

  • Prototrophs vs. Auxotrophs Example 1
    01:54
  • Prototrophs vs. Auxotrophs
    07:37

Mutant Detection

  • Mutant Detection
    06:49
  • Replica Plating
    05:36

The Ames Test

  • The Ames Test
    06:59

Introduction to DNA Repair

  • Introduction to DNA Repair
    02:47

DNA Repair Mechanisms

  • Nucleotide Excision Repair
    03:31
  • SOS Repair System
    03:50
  • Photoreactivation
    02:29

Horizontal Gene Transfer

  • Fates of Horizontally Transferred DNA
    03:13
  • Horizontal Gene Transfer
    04:42
  • Integration of DNA via Homologous Recombination
    02:52

Bacterial Transformation

  • Bacterial Transformation
    03:06
  • Mechanism of Natural Transformation
    03:49

Transduction

  • Generalized Transduction
    04:24
  • Transduction
    06:49
  • Specialized Transduction
    06:34

Introduction to Conjugation

  • Introduction to Conjugation
    04:21

Conjugation: F Plasmids

  • F Plasmids
    05:57
  • Mechanism of F Plasmid Conjugation in E. coli
    04:12

Conjugation: Hfr & F' Cells

  • F’ Cell Conjugation
    04:31
  • Hfr Cell Conjugation
    09:41

Genome Variability

  • Phage DNA
    01:44
  • Genome Variability
    01:59
  • Genome Variability
    03:18

CRISPR CAS

  • CRISPR CAS
    07:43

Introduction to DNA-Based Technology

  • Map of DNA-Based Technology Lesson
    03:12
  • Introduction to DNA-Based Technology
    02:30

Introduction to DNA Cloning

  • Introduction to DNA Cloning
    02:25
  • Cloning with Recombinant DNA
    03:41

Steps to DNA Cloning

  • Steps to DNA Cloning
    04:42
  • 1b) Use Ligation Enzymes
    04:58
  • 1a) Use Restriction Enzymes
    03:27

Introduction to Polymerase Chain Reaction

  • Introduction to Polymerase Chain Reaction
    01:31
  • Components of a Polymerase Chain Reaction
    05:57
  • Why do we use PCR?
    02:53

The Steps of PCR

  • 1) Denaturation
    03:33
  • 2) Annealing
    02:56
  • The Steps of PCR
    04:39

Gel Electrophoresis

  • Gel Electrophoresis
    07:58
  • Gel Electrophoresis Example 1
    02:34

Southern Blotting

  • Southern Blotting
    03:31
  • Steps of Southern Blotting
    08:21

DNA Fingerprinting

  • Short Tandem Repeats (STRs)
    03:41
  • DNA Fingerprinting
    03:30

Introduction to DNA Sequencing

  • Introduction to DNA Sequencing
    02:13
  • Dideoxy Nucleotides
    05:12

Dideoxy Sequencing

  • Chain-Termination PCR
    07:37
  • Dideoxy Sequencing
    01:03
  • Determining the DNA Sequence from a Gel
    06:28

Introduction to Immunity

  • Innate vs. Adaptive Immunity
    05:52
  • Antigens & Antibodies
    02:58

Introduction to Innate Immunity

  • Introduction to Innate Immunity
    02:30
  • Map of Lesson on Innate Immunity
    06:42

Introduction to First-Line Defenses

  • Introduction to First-Line Defenses
    01:56
  • Map of the Lesson on First-Line Defenses
    01:37

Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Skin

  • Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Skin
    01:28
  • Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Skin
    04:08

Physical Barriers in First-Line Defenses: Mucous Membrane

  • Peristalsis & Mucociliary Escalator
    04:16
  • Mucous Membranes
    02:34

First-Line Defenses: Chemical Barriers

  • Chemical Defenses: Gastric Juice Prevents Microbial Growth by Lowering pH
    02:07
  • Chemical Defenses: Earwax Prevents Microbial Growth by Controlling pH
    02:18
  • Chemical Defenses: Sweat Glands Prevent Microbial Growth by Perspiration
    02:04

First-Line Defenses: Normal Microbiota

  • Normal Microbiota
    03:43

Introduction to Cells of the Immune System

  • Introduction to Cells of the Immune System
    03:27
  • Map of the Lesson on Cells of the Immune System
    06:08
  • Hematopoiesis
    02:33

Cells of the Immune System: Granulocytes

  • Granulocytes
    03:32
  • Neutrophils
    05:32
  • Basophils
    03:23

Cells of the Immune System: Agranulocytes

  • Monocytes
    07:16
  • Introduction to Lymphocytes
    03:51
  • Agranulocytes
    03:43

Introduction to Cell Communication

  • Introduction to Cell Communication
    02:59

Cell Communication: Surface Receptors & Adhesion Molecules

  • Cell Surface Receptors
    04:05
  • Adhesion Molecules
    02:58

Cell Communication: Cytokines

  • Cytokines
    02:59
  • Types of Cytokines
    06:08
  • Types of Interleukins
    02:14

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

  • Pattern Recognition Receptors
    04:24
  • C-Type Lectin Receptors
    02:46
  • Retinoic acid Inducible Gene (RIG)-Like Receptors
    04:02

Introduction to the Complement System

  • Map of the Lesson on the Complement System
    03:25
  • Introduction to the Complement System
    04:25
  • Proteins of the Complement System
    04:16

Activation Pathways of the Complement System

  • 2) Lectin Pathway
    03:04
  • 1) Alternative Pathway
    04:40
  • 3) Classical Pathway
    03:42

Effects of the Complement System

  • 1) Opsonization
    04:09
  • 2) Cell Lysis of Invading Microbes
    03:18
  • Effects of the Complement System
    01:32

Review of the Complement System

  • Review of the Complement System
    05:15

Phagoctytosis

  • Steps of Phagocytosis
    08:57
  • Phagoctytosis
    02:19

Introduction to Inflammation

  • Types of Inflammatory Responses
    02:52
  • Introduction to Inflammation
    01:38
  • Chronic Inflammation
    03:09

Steps of the Inflammatory Response

  • 2) Release of Inflammatory Mediators & Other Cytokines
    02:15
  • Damaging Effects of the Inflammatory Response
    02:10
  • 3) Vasodilation
    02:39

Fever

  • Fever
    03:57

Interferon Response

  • Interferon Response
    01:32
  • Steps of the Interferon Response
    09:59

Introduction to Adaptive Immunity

  • Overview of Adaptive Immunity
    04:57
  • Primary vs. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
    04:58
  • Introduction to Adaptive Immunity
    05:47

Antigens

  • Free Antigens vs. Presented Antigens on APCs
    04:11
  • Antigens
    03:59

Introduction to T Lymphocytes

  • Cytotoxic T Cells vs. Helper T Cells
    05:58
  • T-Cell Receptors
    05:18
  • Naive T Cells Become Effector & Memory T Cells
    07:56

Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules

  • Classes of MHC Molecules
    07:17
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules
    02:31

Activation of T Lymphocytes

  • Activation of T Lymphocytes
    07:33
  • Comic Strip for T Cell Activation
    03:29

Functions of T Lymphocytes

  • Functions of Helper T Cells (TH):Activation of Macrophages
    05:18
  • Types of Helper T Cells (TH)
    03:19
  • Functions of Cytotoxic T Cells (Tc)
    06:21

Review of Cytotoxic vs Helper T Cells

  • Review of Cytotoxic vs Helper T Cells
    04:27
  • Comic Strip for T Cell Functions
    02:58

Introduction to B Lymphocytes

  • B cell Receptors
    04:37
  • Naive B cells Become Effector (Plasma) Cells & Memory Cells
    04:23
  • Introduction to B Lymphocytes
    03:55

Antibodies

  • Antibody Structure
    05:40
  • Antibody Diversity
    02:34
  • Antibodies
    00:48

Classes of Antibodies

  • IgE
    02:45
  • IgA
    02:44
  • Classes of Antibodies
    04:43

Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Antigen

  • Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Antigen
    09:16

T Dependent & T Independent Antigens

  • B Cell Activation by T Dependent Antigens
    05:09
  • T Dependent & T Independent Antigens
    02:08
  • B Cell Activation by T Independent Antigens
    03:11

Clonal Selection

  • Clonal Selection
    06:43

Antibody Class Switching

  • Antibody Class Switching
    07:52

Affinity Maturation

  • Affinity Maturation
    07:27

Primary and Secondary Response of Adaptive Immunity

  • Primary and Secondary Response of Adaptive Immunity
    06:59

Immune Tolerance

  • Central vs. Peripheral Tolerance
    11:54
  • Immune Tolerance
    03:19
  • Football Analogy for Immune Tolerance
    03:21

Regulatory T Cells

  • Regulatory T Cells
    03:53

Natural Killer Cells

  • Natural Killer Cells
    06:53

Review of Adaptive Immunity

  • Review of Adaptive Immunity
    09:20

Introduction to Hypersensitivites

  • Overview: Hypersensitivities & Sensitization
    05:35
  • Introduction to Immunological Disorders
    02:03

Type I Hypersensitivities

  • Diagnosing & Treating Allergies
    04:31
  • Type I Hypersensitivities Example 3
    02:23
  • Type I Hypersensitivities Example 2
    01:52

Type II Hypersensitivities

  • Type II Hypersensitivity
    06:45
  • Type II Hypersensitivities Example 1
    02:17
  • Improper Blood Transfusion Reactions
    03:07

Type III Hypersensitivities

  • Steps of Immune Complex- Mediated Hypersensitivity
    02:22
  • Type III Hypersensitivities Example 1
    01:20
  • Type III (Immune Complex-Mediated) Hypersensitivity
    04:21

Type IV Hypersensitivities

  • Type IV Hypersensitivity
    04:10
  • Type IV Hypersensitivities Example 1
    01:53
  • 1) Contact Dermatitis
    03:47

Reviewing the 4 Types of Hypersensitivities

  • Reviewing the 4 Types of Hypersensitivities
    06:03
  • Reviewing the 4 Types of Hypersensitivities Example 1
    02:15

Autoimmune Diseases

  • Examples of Autoimmune Diseases
    03:36
  • Autoimmune Diseases
    03:40
  • Factors Contributing to Autoimmune Diseases
    03:09

Immunodeficiency Disorders

  • Secondary Immunodeficiencies
    02:41
  • Immunodeficiency Disorders Example 1
    02:05
  • Immunodeficiency Disorders
    03:13

Transplantation

  • Graft-Versus-Host Disease (GVHD)
    03:09
  • Transplant Rejection
    04:07
  • Transplantation
    04:21

Symbiotic Relationships

  • Symbiotic Relationships
    05:59

The Human Microbiome

  • The Human Microbiome
    03:25
  • Microbiome Promotes Immune Tolerance
    05:48
  • Microbiome Makes Nutrients & Aids in Host Digestion
    03:26

Characteristics of Infectious Disease

  • Primary vs. Secondary Infections
    04:16
  • Communicable vs. Noncommunicable Diseases
    04:57
  • Intro to Characteristics of Infectious Disease
    05:09

Stages of Infectious Disease Progression

  • Stages of Infectious Disease Progression
    05:36
  • Chronic & Latent Infection Disease Progression
    05:14

Koch's Postulates

  • Koch's Postulates
    01:36
  • The 4 Koch's Postulates
    03:31
  • Limitations to Koch's Postulates
    02:58

Molecular Koch's Postulates

  • The 3 Molecular Koch's Postulates
    03:20
  • Intro to Molecular Koch's Postulates
    01:32

Bacterial Pathogenesis

  • Intro to Bacterial Pathogenesis
    02:35
  • 1) Exposure to Pathogen
    03:27
  • 3) Invasion into Host Tissues
    05:38

Introduction to Pathogenic Toxins

  • Introduction to Pathogenic Toxins
    03:40

Exotoxins Cause Damage to the Host

  • 1) A-B Toxins
    04:44
  • Types of Exotoxins
    03:30
  • 3) Superantigens
    03:59

Endotoxin Causes Damage to the Host

  • Endotoxin
    02:46
  • Lipid A Causes Septic Shock
    03:24

Exotoxins vs. Endotoxin Review

  • Exotoxins vs. Endotoxin Review
    07:22

Immune Response Damage to the Host

  • Inflammatory Response Can damage the Host
    03:31
  • Intro to Immune Response Damage
    02:57
  • Adaptive Immunity Can Damage the Host
    03:22

Introduction to Avoiding Host Defense Mechanisms

  • Introduction to Avoiding Host Defense Mechanisms
    01:59

1) Hide Within Host Cells

  • Hide Within Host Cells
    01:50

2) Avoiding Phagocytosis

  • Pathogen Use Capsules & M Proteins to Avoid Opsonization
    05:25
  • Pathogens Avoid Encounter with Phagocytes
    05:13
  • Pathogens Use Fc Receptors to Prevent Opsonization
    03:48

3) Surviving Inside Phagocytic Cells

  • Surviving Inside Phagocytic Cells
    04:18

4) Avoiding Complement System

  • Avoiding Complement System
    04:53

5) Avoiding Antibodies

  • Bacteria Avoid Antibodies by Producing IgA Proteases
    02:59
  • Bacteria Avoid Immune System by Mimicking Host Molecules
    03:11
  • Intro to Avoiding Antibodies
    01:35

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

  • Guided course
    Normal Microbiota of the Digestive Tract
    04:54

Overview of Diseases of the Digestive System

  • Guided course
    Gastroenteritis: Symptoms & Causes
    05:34

Structure & Function of the Urinary System

  • Guided course
    Structure & Function of the Urinary System
    03:49

Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital System

  • Guided course
    Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital System
    05:18
  • Guided course
    Normal Microbiota of the Urogenital System Example 1
    02:15

Introduction to Meningitis

  • Guided course
    Comparing Viral and Bacterial Meningitis
    05:55
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Meningitis
    05:28
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Meningitis Example 1
    03:06

Introduction to Epidemiology

  • Introduction to Epidemiology Example 1
    01:48
  • Introduction to Epidemiology Example 2
    05:15
  • Mortality & Case-Fatality Rates
    02:28

Introduction to Chain of Infection

  • Map of the Lesson on Chain of Infection
    00:46
  • Introduction to Chain of Infection
    03:15

Reservoirs of Infection

  • Human Reservoirs: Carriers of Disease
    03:12
  • Reservoirs of Infection
    00:51
  • Non-Human Reservoirs
    02:36

Disease Transmission

  • Disease Transmission
    01:24
  • Vertical vs. Horizontal Disease Transmission
    02:32

Horizontal Disease Transmission

  • Horizontal Disease Transmission Example 1
    01:53
  • Zoonoses vs. Vector-Borne Transmission
    03:52
  • Indirect Transmission
    04:42

Colonization of Susceptible Host

  • Colonization of Susceptible Host
    01:02
  • Successful Colonization Depends on Entry Point
    03:01

Factors Influencing Epidemiology

  • Factors Influencing Epidemiology
    03:26
  • Herd Immunity
    04:05

Emerging Infectious Diseases

  • Emerging Infectious Diseases Example 1
    02:11
  • Factors Contributing to Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
    03:21
  • Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases
    03:15

Healthcare-Associated Infections

  • Risk Factors Contributing to HAIs
    02:45
  • Healthcare-Associated Infections
    01:33
  • Preventing HAIs
    01:59

Epidemiological Studies

  • Types of Epidemiological Studies
    05:00

Types of Acquired Immunity

  • Types of Acquired Immunity: Natural vs. Artificial
    02:31
  • 4 Types of Acquired Immunity
    03:52
  • Types of Acquired Immunity: Active vs. Passive
    02:21

Introduction to Vaccines

  • History of Vaccines
    04:19
  • 2 Types of Vaccines
    02:03

Attenuated Vaccines

  • Attenuated Vaccines
    03:06

Inactivated Vaccines

  • Inactivated Vaccines Example 1
    02:12
  • Inactivated Vaccines Example 2
    01:23
  • Review of Attenuated & Inactivated Vaccines
    03:40

Immunotherapy: Monoclonal Antibodies

  • Large-Scale Production on Monoclonal Antibodies
    03:04
  • Immunotherapy: Monoclonal Antibodies Example 1
    02:23
  • Immunotherapy: Monoclonal Antibodies
    02:28

Immunoassay: Fluorescent Antibody Tests

  • Introduction to Immunassays
    01:31
  • Direct vs. Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Tests
    03:51
  • Immunoassay: Fluorescent Antibody Tests
    02:09

Immunoassay: ELISA

  • Indirect ELISA
    02:50
  • Immunoassay: ELISA
    04:29
  • Direct ELISA (via "Sandwich" Method)
    03:56

Immunoassay: Western Blotting

  • Immunoassay: Western Blotting
    03:57

Immunoassays Detecting Antigen-Antibody Aggregates

  • Precipitation Reactions
    04:21
  • Immunoassays Detecting Antigen-Antibody Aggregates
    02:51
  • Immunoassays Detecting Antigen-Antibody Aggregates Example 1
    02:05

Influenza

  • Guided course
    Flu Naming, Antigenic Drift & Shift
    05:21
  • Guided course
    Influenza
    06:35
  • Guided course
    Influenza Example 1
    03:23

Hepatitis

  • Guided course
    Hepatitis Example 1
    02:05
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Hepatitis
    07:26

Measles

  • Measles
    04:12
  • Measles Example 1
    02:19

Rubella

  • Rubella
    04:59
  • Rubella Example 1
    03:31

Smallpox

  • Smallpox
    05:16

Conjunctivitis

  • Conjunctivitis
    03:07

Genital Herpes

  • Guided course
    Genital Herpes
    05:37

HPV & Genital Warts

  • Guided course
    HPV & Genital Warts
    07:00
  • Guided course
    HPV & Genital Warts Example 1
    05:37

Poliomyelitis

  • Guided course
    Poliomyelitis
    06:05
  • Guided course
    The Polio Vaccine
    05:02

Rabies

  • Guided course
    Rabies Example 1
    02:57
  • Guided course
    Rabies
    07:02

Arboviral Encephalitis

  • Guided course
    Arboviral Encephalitis
    06:33

Zika Virus

  • Guided course
    Zika Virus
    04:28

Diphtheria

  • Guided course
    Diphtheria Example 1
    03:53
  • Guided course
    Diptheria
    07:05

Tuberculosis

  • Guided course
    Tuberculosis
    08:15
  • Guided course
    Tuberculosis Example 2
    03:57
  • Guided course
    Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
    08:34

Pneumonia

  • Guided course
    Pneumococcal Pneumonia
    06:07
  • Guided course
    Introduction to Pneumonia
    04:23

Acne

  • Acne
    05:43

Trachoma

  • Trachoma
    04:32
  • Trachoma Example 1
    01:28

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

  • Guided course
    Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Example 1
    03:11
  • Guided course
    Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
    09:09

Gonorrhea

  • Guided course
    Gonorrhea
    06:29

Chlamydia

  • Guided course
    Chlamydia Example 1
    03:23
  • Guided course
    Chlamydia
    07:32

Syphilis

  • Guided course
    Syphilis Example 1
    02:53
  • Guided course
    Syphilis
    07:37

Bacterial Meningitis

  • Guided course
    Bacterial Meningitis Example 1
    04:20
  • Guided course
    Bacterial Meningitis
    10:16

Listeriosis

  • Guided course
    Listeriosis
    05:46

Tetanus

  • Guided course
    Tetanus
    06:31
  • Guided course
    Tetanus Example 1
    04:25

Botulism

  • Guided course
    Botulism Example 1
    03:58
  • Guided course
    Botulism
    09:28

Leprosy

  • Guided course
    Leprosy
    06:26
  • Guided course
    Leprosy Example 1
    02:35

Protozoan Diseases of the Digestive System

  • Guided course
    Protozoan Diseases of the Digestive System Example 1
    03:04
  • Guided course
    Giardiasis
    05:44

COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

  • COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
    03:59