Question 1

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which β-lactam antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth?

Accepted Answer

They disrupt the synthesis of peptidoglycan by inhibiting transpeptidase enzymes.

Question 2

A bacterial cell is exposed to an antibiotic and survives by pumping the drug out of the cell using an efflux pump. Which strategy for antibiotic resistance is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

Active transport-mediated resistance

Question 3

Which of the following statements about constitutively expressed genes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are transcribed at relatively constant levels regardless of environmental conditions.

Question 4

In the lac operon, what is the role of the operator region?

Accepted Answer

It is the DNA sequence where the repressor protein binds to block transcription.

Question 5

A mutation causes the repressor protein of the trp operon to lose its ability to bind tryptophan. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The operon will be constitutively expressed, even in the presence of tryptophan.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes quorum sensing in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A process where bacteria communicate using chemical signals to coordinate gene expression based on population density.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about viral replication is correct?

Accepted Answer

Viruses require host cell machinery to replicate their genomes and produce new virions.

Question 8

A bacteriophage infects a bacterial cell and integrates its genome into the host chromosome, remaining dormant for several generations. What is this cycle called?

Accepted Answer

Lysogenic cycle

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why some animal viruses can cause persistent infections while others cause acute infections?

Accepted Answer

Persistent infections result from the virus evading immune detection and/or integrating into the host genome, while acute infections are rapidly cleared by the immune system.

Question 10

Which of the following is a key difference between transformation and transduction in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Transformation involves uptake of free DNA from the environment, while transduction involves DNA transfer via bacteriophages.

Question 11

A scientist is using PCR to amplify a gene of interest. Which of the following best describes the role of DNA polymerase in this process?

Accepted Answer

It synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to the primers during each cycle.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the difference between assimilative and dissimilative reduction?

Accepted Answer

Assimilative reduction incorporates reduced compounds into biomass, while dissimilative reduction uses them as terminal electron acceptors for energy.

Question 13

During anaerobic respiration, which of the following electron acceptors can be used by bacteria instead of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

$NO_3^-$

Question 14

A cell is performing fermentation and produces lactic acid as a major end product. Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of this process?

Accepted Answer

To regenerate $NAD^+$ from $NADH$ so glycolysis can continue.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of nitrogenase in nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It catalyzes the reduction of atmospheric $N_2$ to $NH_3$.

Question 16

A wastewater treatment plant uses both primary and secondary treatment methods. What is the main goal of secondary treatment?

Accepted Answer

To biologically degrade dissolved and suspended organic matter using microorganisms.

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the symbiotic relationship between the bobtail squid and Aliivibrio fischeri?

Accepted Answer

Mutualism, where the squid provides nutrients and shelter to the bacteria, and the bacteria provide bioluminescence for camouflage.

Question 18

Which of the following is a likely consequence if a mutation in a photosynthetic bacterium prevents the electron from being transferred from the photosystem to the electron transport chain?

Accepted Answer

ATP and NADPH production would be impaired, reducing the cell's ability to fix carbon.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why sulfate ($SO_4^{2-}$) reduction for energy generation requires activation with ATP?

Accepted Answer

Sulfate is a very stable molecule and must be activated to a higher energy state before it can accept electrons.

Question 20

Which of the following is the best definition of 'genotype' as used in bacterial genetics?

Accepted Answer

The genetic makeup of an organism, including all of its genes.

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