Question 1

Which statement best describes the semi-conservative nature of DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule consists of one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Question 2

A mutation changes a codon from $$	ext{UUA} to$$ $$	ext{UUG}. $$Both codons code for leucine. What concept does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Wobble hypothesis

Question 3

Which enzyme is responsible for joining Okazaki fragments during DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

DNA ligase

Question 4

A bacterial cell is exposed to UV light, resulting in the formation of thymine dimers. Which DNA repair mechanism is most likely to fix this damage?

Accepted Answer

Photoreactivation

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics are generally ineffective against viruses?

Accepted Answer

Viruses lack cell walls and ribosomes, which are common antibiotic targets.

Question 6

During the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage, what is the fate of the host cell?

Accepted Answer

It undergoes lysis and releases new phages.

Question 7

Which process allows bacteria to acquire genetic material from their environment, such as free DNA fragments?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 8

A patient is diagnosed with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. What type of infectious agent is responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Prion

Question 9

Which metabolic pathway produces the most ATP per glucose molecule under aerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

Given the following reaction: $$	ext{C}_6	ext{H}_{12}	ext{O}_6 + 6	ext{O}_2 ightarrow 6	ext{CO}_2 + 6	ext{H}_2	ext{O}$$, how many net ATP molecules are produced in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

$$36$$

Question 11

Which of the following is a key difference between disinfectants and antiseptics?

Accepted Answer

Antiseptics are used on living tissue, while disinfectants are used on inanimate objects.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes quorum sensing in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A process by which bacteria sense and respond to population density via signaling molecules.

Question 13

Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide ($$	ext{H}_2	ext{O}_2) to $$water and oxygen in bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

Catalase

Question 14

A bacterial operon is regulated by a repressor protein that binds to the operator region in the absence of lactose. What type of operon is this?

Accepted Answer

Inducible operon

Question 15

Which of the following is a consequence of a frameshift mutation?

Accepted Answer

The reading frame of the gene is altered, potentially changing all downstream amino acids.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of riboswitches?

Accepted Answer

They regulate gene expression by binding small molecules to mRNA.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a product of the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

$$2$$ 	ext{FADH}_2$

Question 18

Which process is used by prokaryotes to reproduce and results in two genetically identical daughter cells?

Accepted Answer

Binary fission

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of reducing coenzymes such as NADH and FADH$$_2 in $$cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

They donate electrons to the electron transport chain, facilitating ATP production.

Question 20

A virus infects only liver cells in humans. What term best describes this specificity?

Accepted Answer

Tissue tropism

Comprehensive Study Guide: Microbial Genetics, Viruses, Growth, and Metabolism

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