Comprehensive Study Notes for College Microbiology: Structure, Function, Growth, and Control of Microorganisms

{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":4},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Introduction to Microbiology"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Scope and Clinical Significance"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths, and prions. This field is crucial in healthcare due to the roles microorganisms play in causing and preventing disease, producing toxins, stimulating immune responses, contributing to antibiotic resistance, and applications in biotechnology and environmental cleanup."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Bacteria:"},{"type":"text","text":" Prokaryotic, unicellular, lack a nucleus, reproduce by binary fission, may be beneficial or pathogenic."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Viruses:"},{"type":"text","text":" Acellular, contain DNA or RNA, obligate intracellular parasites, not considered living."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Fungi:"},{"type":"text","text":" Eukaryotic, include yeasts and molds, cell walls contain chitin, absorb nutrients, reproduce by spores."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Protozoa:"},{"type":"text","text":" Unicellular eukaryotes, usually lack cell walls, many are motile and parasitic."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Algae:"},{"type":"text","text":" Photosynthetic eukaryotes, can be unicellular or multicellular, some produce toxins."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Helminths:"},{"type":"text","text":" Multicellular parasitic worms, studied due to microscopic eggs and larvae."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Prions:"},{"type":"text","text":" Infectious proteins, cause fatal neurodegenerative diseases."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_1.png","alt":"Labeled diagram of a prokaryotic cell","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_2.png","alt":"Examples of viruses: bacteriophage, tobacco mosaic virus, adenovirus, influenza virus","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Major Historical Contributors"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek:"},{"type":"text","text":" First to observe living microbes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Louis Pasteur:"},{"type":"text","text":" Disproved spontaneous generation, developed pasteurization, contributed to germ theory."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Robert Koch:"},{"type":"text","text":" Linked specific microbes to diseases, developed Koch’s postulates."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Joseph Lister:"},{"type":"text","text":" Introduced antiseptic surgery."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Ignaz Semmelweis:"},{"type":"text","text":" Demonstrated handwashing reduces puerperal fever."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Edward Jenner:"},{"type":"text","text":" Developed first vaccine (smallpox)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"John Snow:"},{"type":"text","text":" Traced cholera to contaminated water, founder of epidemiology."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Hans Christian Gram:"},{"type":"text","text":" Developed the Gram stain."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Spontaneous Generation vs. Biogenesis"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Spontaneous generation:"},{"type":"text","text":" Old, incorrect idea that life arises from nonliving matter."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Biogenesis:"},{"type":"text","text":" Life arises from preexisting life. Pasteur’s swan-neck flask experiment supported this concept."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Koch’s Postulates"}]},{"type":"orderedList","attrs":{"start":1,"type":null},"content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organism found in diseased, not healthy individuals."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Organism isolated and grown in pure culture."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Culture causes disease in healthy host."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Same organism re-isolated from experimentally infected host."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Limitations:"},{"type":"text","text":" Some pathogens cannot be cultured, some diseases are polymicrobial, viruses require host cells, asymptomatic carriers exist."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Three Domains of Life"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Bacteria:"},{"type":"text","text":" Prokaryotic, peptidoglycan cell walls."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Archaea:"},{"type":"text","text":" Prokaryotic, lack peptidoglycan, often extremophiles."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Eukarya:"},{"type":"text","text":" Eukaryotic organisms, includes fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths, plants, and animals."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Prokaryotic Cell Structure and Function"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Overview of Bacterial Cell Structure"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bacterial cells possess a variety of structures that contribute to their survival, pathogenicity, and identification."}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Cell wall:"},{"type":"text","text":" Provides shape and osmotic protection."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Plasma membrane:"},{"type":"text","text":" Selective permeability, energy generation."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Nucleoid:"},{"type":"text","text":" Region containing circular DNA."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Ribosomes:"},{"type":"text","text":" 70S, site of protein synthesis."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Glycocalyx:"},{"type":"text","text":" Capsule or slime layer, aids in adhesion and immune evasion."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Fimbriae/Pili:"},{"type":"text","text":" Attachment and DNA transfer."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Flagella:"},{"type":"text","text":" Motility."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Inclusion bodies:"},{"type":"text","text":" Nutrient storage."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Endospores:"},{"type":"text","text":" Dormant, resistant structures."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_1.png","alt":"Labeled diagram of a prokaryotic cell","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Bacteria"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Gram-Positive:"},{"type":"text","text":" Thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, no outer membrane, stains purple."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Gram-Negative:"},{"type":"text","text":" Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane with LPS, stains pink/red, more drug-resistant."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Lipopolysaccharide (LPS):"},{"type":"text","text":" Found in Gram-negative outer membrane; Lipid A is toxic (endotoxin), can cause fever, inflammation, and septic shock."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Acid-Fast Bacteria"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Waxy cell wall rich in mycolic acid (e.g., "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis"},{"type":"text","text":")."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Resistant to Gram stain, require acid-fast stain."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Clinically significant due to treatment challenges."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Glycocalyx: Capsule vs. Slime Layer"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"The glycocalyx is an external polysaccharide layer that can be organized as a capsule or a slime layer."}]},{"type":"table","content":[{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Capsule"}]}]},{"type":"tableHeader","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Slime Layer"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Well-organized, tightly bound, difficult to remove"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Unorganized, loosely bound, easily washed off"}]}]}]},{"type":"tableRow","content":[{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Thicker, acts as a virulence factor (resists phagocytosis)"}]}]},{"type":"tableCell","attrs":{"colspan":1,"rowspan":1,"colwidth":null},"content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Thinner, mainly aids adherence and prevents dehydration"}]}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_5.png","alt":"Table comparing capsule and slime layer","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_6.png","alt":"Diagram of capsule, slime layer, and biofilm","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Biofilms"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Biofilms are communities of microorganisms attached to surfaces and embedded in an extracellular matrix. They enhance survival, increase resistance to antibiotics, and are important in chronic and healthcare-associated infections (e.g., dental plaque, catheter infections)."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_7.png","alt":"Bacteria and dental plaque","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fimbriae and Pili"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Fimbriae:"},{"type":"text","text":" Short, numerous, used for attachment (virulence factor)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Pili:"},{"type":"text","text":" Longer, involved in DNA transfer (conjugation)."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_8.png","alt":"Fimbriae and pili of bacteria","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Flagella and Motility"}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Flagella are responsible for bacterial motility. Arrangements include monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, and peritrichous."}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_9.png","alt":"Arrangements of bacterial flagella","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bacterial Morphology and Arrangement"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Coccus:"},{"type":"text","text":" Spherical"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Bacillus:"},{"type":"text","text":" Rod-shaped"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Spirillum:"},{"type":"text","text":" Spiral-shaped"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Vibrio:"},{"type":"text","text":" Curved rod"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Spirochete:"},{"type":"text","text":" Flexible spiral"}]}]}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Diplo-:"},{"type":"text","text":" Pairs"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Strepto-:"},{"type":"text","text":" Chains"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Staphylo-:"},{"type":"text","text":" Clusters"}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Tetrads, Sarcinae:"},{"type":"text","text":" Groups of four or eight"}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Endospores"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Dormant, highly resistant structures (e.g., "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Bacillus"},{"type":"text","text":", "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Clostridium"},{"type":"text","text":")."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Resistant to heat, desiccation, radiation, chemicals."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Major reason for strict sterilization standards in healthcare."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Eukaryotic Cell Structure and Function"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"General Features"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"True nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes, 80S ribosomes (70S in mitochondria and rough ER), larger and more complex than prokaryotes."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_4.png","alt":"Labeled diagram of a eukaryotic cell","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Major Groups of Eukaryotic Microbes"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Fungi:"},{"type":"text","text":" Yeasts (unicellular), molds (multicellular), dimorphic forms, cell wall with chitin, membrane with ergosterol (antifungal drug target)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Protozoa:"},{"type":"text","text":" Unicellular, motile, often parasitic, lack cell walls."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Algae:"},{"type":"text","text":" Photosynthetic, produce oxygen, some produce toxins, most have cell walls."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Helminths:"},{"type":"text","text":" Parasitic worms, eggs and larvae may be microscopic, lack cell walls."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Eukaryotic Organelles and Functions"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Nucleus:"},{"type":"text","text":" Contains DNA, controls cell activities."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Rough ER:"},{"type":"text","text":" Protein synthesis."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Smooth ER:"},{"type":"text","text":" Lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Golgi apparatus:"},{"type":"text","text":" Modifies and packages proteins/lipids."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Mitochondria:"},{"type":"text","text":" ATP production."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Lysosomes:"},{"type":"text","text":" Digestion of waste and pathogens."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Cytoskeleton:"},{"type":"text","text":" Structure, transport, movement."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Viruses, Viroids, and Prions"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Viral Structure and Classification"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Viruses are acellular, contain DNA or RNA (never both), require host cells for replication."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Structure includes capsid (protein coat), envelope (in some viruses), spikes (attachment), and nucleic acid."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_3.png","alt":"Coronavirus and bacteriophage structure","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}},{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_10.png","alt":"Viral structure: bacteriophage and HIV","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Bacteriophage Replication Cycles"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Lytic cycle:"},{"type":"text","text":" Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, assembly, release (host cell lysis)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Lysogenic cycle:"},{"type":"text","text":" Viral DNA integrates into host genome as a prophage, replicated with host, can later enter lytic cycle."}]}]}]},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"https://static.studychannel.pearsonprd.tech/study_guide_files/microbiology/sub_images/e7a7c0d1_image_11.png","alt":"Lytic and lysogenic cycles of bacteriophage","title":null,"width":null,"height":null}}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Antigenic Drift vs. Antigenic Shift (Influenza)"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Antigenic drift:"},{"type":"text","text":" Small, gradual mutations; causes seasonal flu changes."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Antigenic shift:"},{"type":"text","text":" Major change due to reassortment; can create new viral strains and pandemics."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbial Growth and Control"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Microbial Growth Curve"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Lag 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