Q: A patient with HIV infection is considered to have progressed to AIDS when which of the following criteria is met?

CD4+ T cell count drops below $$200 \, \text{cells}/\mu L$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary anatomical difference between the male and female urinary systems that contributes to the higher incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in females?

Accepted Answer

Females have a shorter urethra, allowing bacteria easier access to the bladder.

Question 2

A 25-year-old woman presents with dysuria, increased urinary frequency, and cloudy urine. Urinalysis reveals significant bacteriuria. Which organism is most commonly responsible for this condition, and what is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Escherichia coli; cystitis

Question 3

Which of the following is a major complication of untreated pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) that can directly lead to infertility?

Accepted Answer

Salpingitis

Question 4

A patient presents with a painless chancre on the genitals. Which stage of syphilis is this, and what is the causative organism?

Accepted Answer

Primary stage; Treponema pallidum

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why newborns are given antibiotic eye drops shortly after birth?

Accepted Answer

To prevent ophthalmia neonatorum caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 6

A patient with a history of unprotected sex presents with a mucopurulent cervical discharge and lower abdominal pain. Laboratory tests confirm Chlamydia trachomatis infection. If left untreated, which of the following is a possible ocular complication?

Accepted Answer

Trachoma

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the latent period of syphilis is correct?

Accepted Answer

No symptoms are present, but the infection is still present in the body.

Question 8

A 30-year-old man presents with fever, severe headache, and muscle aches after swimming in a lake. Laboratory tests reveal spirochetes in his blood. Which disease is most likely, and what is the causative organism?

Accepted Answer

Leptospirosis; Leptospira interrogans

Question 9

Which of the following is a key feature of tertiary syphilis?

Accepted Answer

Development of gummas, cardiovascular, and neurosyphilis complications

Question 10

A woman presents with a thick, white, curd-like vaginal discharge and intense itching. Which organism is most likely responsible, and what is the diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Candida albicans; candidiasis

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the transmission of congenital syphilis?

Accepted Answer

Transplacental transmission of Treponema pallidum from mother to fetus

Question 12

A patient is diagnosed with genital herpes. Which statement best describes the course of this infection?

Accepted Answer

The virus establishes latency in nerve ganglia and can reactivate, causing recurrent lesions.

Question 13

Which of the following is the most effective method for preventing HIV transmission?

Accepted Answer

Consistent use of latex condoms and avoiding sharing needles

Question 14

A patient with HIV infection is considered to have progressed to AIDS when which of the following criteria is met?

Accepted Answer

CD4+ T cell count drops below $$200 \, 	ext{cells}/\mu L$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a common sign of bacterial vaginosis?

Accepted Answer

Thin, grayish-white vaginal discharge with a fishy odor

Question 16

A sexually active woman presents with a frothy, greenish vaginal discharge and vaginal irritation. Which organism is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Trichomonas vaginalis

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of pyelonephritis?

Accepted Answer

Ascending infection from the bladder to the kidneys

Question 18

A patient presents with multiple, painless, cauliflower-like growths on the genitalia. Which virus is most likely responsible for this condition?

Accepted Answer

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Question 19

Which of the following is a possible complication of untreated tertiary syphilis affecting the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

Aortic aneurysm

Question 20

A 22-year-old woman is diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Which of the following is a potential life-threatening complication associated with this condition?

Accepted Answer

Ectopic pregnancy

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