Q: Which equation best represents the differentiation potential of pluripotent stem cells compared to multipotent stem cells?

$$\text{Pluripotent} \rightarrow \text{All cell types}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes a Type I hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reaction?

Accepted Answer

It is an immediate reaction mediated by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells, leading to histamine release.

Question 2

A patient receives a blood transfusion and develops chills, fever, and hemolysis. Which hypersensitivity type is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Type II (Cytotoxic)

Question 3

According to the hygiene hypothesis, which statement is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Reduced exposure to microbes in childhood may increase susceptibility to allergies and autoimmune diseases.

Question 4

Which of the following is a real-life example of a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction?

Accepted Answer

Contact dermatitis from poison ivy exposure

Question 5

A newborn develops jaundice and anemia due to maternal antibodies attacking fetal red blood cells. Which equation best represents the antibody-antigen interaction in this scenario?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Ab} + \mathrm{Ag} \rightarrow \mathrm{AgAb}$$

Question 6

Which autoimmune disease is primarily caused by a cytotoxic autoimmune reaction?

Accepted Answer

Multiple sclerosis

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in tissue typing?

Accepted Answer

HLAs are cell surface proteins used to match donor and recipient tissues for transplantation.

Question 8

Which scenario best illustrates a privileged site in the human body?

Accepted Answer

The cornea, which can be transplanted with minimal immune rejection.

Question 9

Which type of tissue graft is most likely to be rejected by the recipient's immune system?

Accepted Answer

Allograft

Question 10

A patient develops graft-vs-host disease after a bone marrow transplant. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

Donor immune cells attack recipient tissues.

Question 11

Immunosuppression is used in transplant recipients to prevent rejection. Which of the following is a common unwanted side effect?

Accepted Answer

Increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections

Question 12

Which equation best represents the differentiation potential of pluripotent stem cells compared to multipotent stem cells?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Pluripotent} ightarrow 	ext{All cell types}$$

Question 13

Which of the following is a benefit of the normal microbiome for the immune system?

Accepted Answer

It helps train the immune system to distinguish between harmful and harmless antigens.

Question 14

A patient with dysbiosis is treated with a fecal transplant. What is the primary goal of this therapy?

Accepted Answer

To restore a healthy balance of gut microbiota.

Question 15

Which opportunistic infection was crucial in the early identification of AIDS?

Accepted Answer

Pneumocystis pneumonia

Question 16

Which structural feature of HIV allows it to fuse with T helper cells?

Accepted Answer

gp120 and gp41 spikes

Question 17

Which equation best represents the process of reverse transcription in HIV?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{RNA} \xrightarrow{	ext{Reverse Transcriptase}} 	ext{DNA}$$

Question 18

Which stage of HIV infection is characterized by a steady decline in T cell count but no major symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Stage 2

Question 19

Which of the following is a major challenge in developing an HIV vaccine?

Accepted Answer

HIV's high mutation rate leads to rapid changes in viral antigens.

Diseases of the Immune System: Hypersensitivities, Autoimmunity, Transplantation, and HIV/AIDS

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