Q: Which equation best represents the relationship between blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal function?

$$\text{BUN} \propto \frac{1}{\text{GFR}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following is the most common cause of urinary tract obstruction in adult men?

Accepted Answer

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Question 2

A patient presents with sudden onset of flank pain radiating toward the bladder, hematuria, and nausea. Imaging reveals a radiopaque structure in the ureter. Which type of kidney stone is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Calcium oxalate stone

Question 3

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is most commonly associated with mutations in which genes?

Accepted Answer

PKD1 and PKD2

Question 4

Which of the following mechanisms helps protect against urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women?

Accepted Answer

Periurethral flora

Question 5

A patient with diabetes develops proteinuria and elevated creatinine. Which renal disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Diabetic nephropathy

Question 6

Which of the following is a key finding in acute glomerulonephritis following a streptococcal throat infection?

Accepted Answer

Hematuria and proteinuria

Question 7

Which equation best represents the relationship between blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and renal function?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{BUN} \propto \frac{1}{	ext{GFR}}$$

Question 8

A patient with a history of frequent UTIs is found to have a neurogenic bladder. Which of the following best explains the increased risk of infection?

Accepted Answer

Urine stasis due to poor bladder emptying

Question 9

Which of the following is a common cause of struvite kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Urinary tract infection with urease-producing bacteria

Question 10

A child presents with swelling of the face and hands, foamy urine, and hypertension. Laboratory tests show proteinuria and hematuria. Which renal disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Glomerulonephritis

Question 11

Which of the following is a recommended dietary modification for a patient with recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Reduce oxalate-rich foods

Question 12

Which imaging modality is preferred for detecting non-radiopaque kidney stones?

Accepted Answer

Ultrasound

Question 13

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops metabolic acidosis. Which tubular disorder is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Renal tubular acidosis (RTA)

Question 14

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of urinary tract obstruction?

Accepted Answer

Hydronephrosis and increased risk of infection

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal growth of epithelial cells leads to tubule dilation and formation of multiple fluid-filled cysts

Question 16

Which of the following is a common symptom of cystitis?

Accepted Answer

Burning sensation during urination (dysuria)

Question 17

A patient with a history of lupus presents with hematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension. Which renal disorder is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Lupus nephritis

Question 18

Which of the following is a plausible multi-step treatment approach for a patient with a large, symptomatic kidney stone?

Accepted Answer

Pain management, antibiotics if infection is present, and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why elderly patients may present with confusion or falls rather than classic urinary symptoms during a UTI?

Accepted Answer

Atypical presentation due to age-related changes in immune response and sensation

Question 20

Which of the following laboratory findings is most consistent with acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

Accepted Answer

Oliguria, dark muddy urine, and elevated creatinine

33 Patho

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