Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the detrusor muscle in the bladder?

Accepted Answer

It is a network of smooth muscle fibers responsible for bladder contraction during urination.

Question 2

A patient presents with involuntary urine leakage when sneezing or lifting heavy objects. Which type of incontinence is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Stress incontinence

Question 3

Which nerve is primarily responsible for controlling the external urethral sphincter?

Accepted Answer

Pudendal nerve

Question 4

A 70-year-old patient with a history of diabetes and recent stroke develops a weak urinary stream and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Neurogenic bladder due to diabetic neuropathy and stroke

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why muscarinic receptor antagonists are used to treat overactive bladder?

Accepted Answer

They block parasympathetic activity, reducing involuntary bladder contractions.

Question 6

Which of the following laboratory findings is most indicative of liver cell injury in cirrhosis?

Accepted Answer

Increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

Question 7

A patient with cirrhosis develops confusion and disorientation. Which of the following best explains this symptom?

Accepted Answer

High ammonia levels crossing the blood-brain barrier

Question 8

Which of the following is a primary goal in the management of neurogenic bladder disorders?

Accepted Answer

Prevent overfilling of the bladder and protect kidney function

Question 9

A patient with a spinal cord injury above the sacral level develops automatic bladder contractions and cannot store urine. What type of neurogenic bladder disorder is this?

Accepted Answer

Spastic bladder

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of the pons in bladder function?

Accepted Answer

It coordinates reflex control of urination between the spinal cord and higher brain centers.

Question 11

Which of the following is the first-line treatment for most types of urinary incontinence?

Accepted Answer

Pelvic floor (Kegel) exercises

Question 12

A 78-year-old woman with restricted mobility and multiple medications develops new-onset urinary incontinence. Which of the following is the most likely contributing factor?

Accepted Answer

Decreased urethral closing pressure and weak pelvic muscles

Question 13

Which of the following best describes overflow incontinence?

Accepted Answer

The bladder overfills and urine leaks out because it cannot be emptied properly.

Question 14

Which of the following is a common cause of cirrhosis worldwide?

Accepted Answer

Chronic alcohol use

Question 15

A patient with cirrhosis has a prolonged prothrombin time (PT). What is the physiological explanation for this finding?

Accepted Answer

The liver is unable to produce sufficient clotting factors.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the trigone in the bladder?

Accepted Answer

It is a triangular area bounded by the ureters and the urethra, important for funneling urine into the urethra.

Question 17

Which of the following urodynamic studies measures the speed of urine flow?

Accepted Answer

Uroflowmetry

Question 18

A patient with a flaccid bladder is at increased risk for which of the following complications?

Accepted Answer

Urinary retention and recurrent urinary tract infections

Question 19

Which of the following is a typical sign of outflow obstruction and urine retention?

Accepted Answer

Bladder distention and hesitancy

Question 20

A patient with bladder cancer presents with hematuria and dysuria. Which diagnostic method is most definitive for confirming the diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Cystoscopy with biopsy

Chap 35 (patho)

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