Eukaryotic Microorganisms: Fungi, Algae, Protozoans, and Helminths

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These organisms are important as human pathogens, environmental contributors, and research tools."}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":2},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fungi"}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Defining Characteristics"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Fungi"},{"type":"text","text":" are eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms lacking chlorophyll and unable to perform photosynthesis."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"They possess cell walls made of "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"chitin"},{"type":"text","text":" and plasma membranes containing "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"ergosterol"},{"type":"text","text":"."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fungi grow as filamentous, multinucleated organisms ("},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"hyphae"},{"type":"text","text":"), or as unicellular yeasts."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fungal colonies are vegetative structures involved in catabolism and growth."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Fungi thrive in acidic environments (pH ~5), tolerate high osmotic pressure, and can grow on low moisture substrates."}]}]}]},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"textAlign":null,"level":3},"content":[{"type":"text","text":"Classification of Fungi"}]},{"type":"bulletList","content":[{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Zygomycota"},{"type":"text","text":": Coenocytic molds, mostly saprobes or obligate parasites."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Ascomycota"},{"type":"text","text":": Includes food spoilage fungi, plant pathogens, and beneficial species like "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Penicillium"},{"type":"text","text":" (antibiotic producer) and "},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"italic"}],"text":"Saccharomyces"},{"type":"text","text":" (used in baking and brewing)."}]}]},{"type":"listItem","content":[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"textAlign":null},"content":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"bold"}],"text":"Basidiomycota"},{"type":"text","text":": Mushrooms and other fruiting bodies; includes edible, toxic, and hallucinogenic species. 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