Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes a key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells have one circular chromosome not enclosed in a membrane, while eukaryotic cells have paired chromosomes within a nuclear membrane.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to be rod-shaped and forms chains. What is the correct term for this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Streptobacilli

Question 3

Which component of the bacterial cell wall is targeted by lysozyme, and what is the result of this action?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme hydrolyzes bonds between N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), leading to cell lysis.

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides that restrict antibiotic entry.

Question 5

A scientist isolates a bacterium with a waxy cell wall that stains with carbolfuchsin. Which genus is most likely being studied?

Accepted Answer

Mycobacterium

Question 6

Which structure allows bacteria to move toward nutrients and away from harmful substances, and what is this movement called?

Accepted Answer

Flagella; taxis

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of the glycocalyx in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Prevents phagocytosis and aids in biofilm formation

Question 8

A patient is infected with a bacterium that survives in the presence of penicillin. Which cell wall characteristic most likely explains this resistance?

Accepted Answer

Presence of an outer membrane with porins

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of group translocation in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

An active process requiring phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP), where substances are chemically modified during transport

Question 10

Which of the following statements about endospores is correct?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation.

Question 11

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic flagella compared to prokaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic flagella are composed of microtubules arranged in a 9+2 array and move in a wavelike manner.

Question 12

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing plasmolysis.

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why Mycoplasma species are resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They lack a cell wall and contain sterols in their plasma membrane.

Question 14

Which of the following structures is involved in the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation pili

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Acts as a selective barrier, contains enzymes for ATP production, and may have photosynthetic pigments

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of microtubules in a eukaryotic cilium?

Accepted Answer

9 pairs in a ring plus 2 in the center (9+2 array)

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic organelles?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from engulfed aerobic and photosynthetic bacteria, respectively.

Question 18

Which of the following is a unique feature of archaeal cell walls?

Accepted Answer

They may contain pseudomurein, which lacks NAM and D-amino acids.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of teichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They link the cell wall to the plasma membrane, carry a negative charge, and regulate movement of cations.

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure, Classification, and Cell Wall Differences

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