Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of axial filaments in spirochetes such as Leptospira?

Accepted Answer

They enable motility by causing the cell to move in a corkscrew motion.

Question 2

Which component is unique to the cell walls of bacteria and is targeted by antibiotics such as penicillin?

Accepted Answer

Peptidoglycan

Question 3

A scientist is studying a bacterium that is resistant to penicillin. Which structural feature most likely contributes to this resistance?

Accepted Answer

Presence of an outer membrane in the cell wall

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the Gram stain is correct?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet-iodine complex due to their thick peptidoglycan layer.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why lysozyme is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane, exposing their peptidoglycan to lysozyme.

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct description of the structure of peptidoglycan?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by peptide bridges.

Question 7

A bacterial cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. Which process will most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell, causing plasmolysis.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes group translocation in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

A process that requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP), chemically modifying the substance as it enters the cell.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of peptidoglycan

Question 10

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are the target of antibiotics such as streptomycin and erythromycin.

Question 11

A bacterium contains metachromatic granules. What is the primary function of these inclusions?

Accepted Answer

Phosphate storage for ATP and nucleic acid synthesis

Question 12

Which of the following statements about endospores is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are a reproductive mechanism for bacteria.

Question 13

Which of the following is a key difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cell walls may contain cellulose or chitin, while prokaryotic cell walls contain peptidoglycan.

Question 14

Which process is unique to eukaryotic cells and allows them to engulf large particles?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 15

Which of the following organelles is responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 16

A cell contains ribosomes with 60S and 40S subunits. Where is this cell most likely from?

Accepted Answer

A eukaryotic organism

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

They are surrounded by a single membrane like other organelles.

Question 18

A mutation prevents the formation of peptide bridges in a bacterium's cell wall. Which antibiotic would most likely have a similar effect?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts can reproduce independently of the host cell?

Accepted Answer

They contain their own circular DNA and machinery for replication.

Question 20

A patient is infected with a bacterium that survives in the presence of lysozyme and penicillin. Which structural adaptation is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Presence of an outer membrane and thin peptidoglycan layer

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Cell Structures and Their Functions

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