Question 1

Which of the following statements best distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome not enclosed by a membrane, while eukaryotic cells have paired chromosomes within a nuclear membrane.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to have a thick peptidoglycan layer, teichoic acids, and is highly susceptible to penicillin. Which type of cell wall does it most likely possess?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive cell wall

Question 3

Which of the following arrangements describes a cubelike group of eight cocci?

Accepted Answer

Sarcinae

Question 4

Which structure allows bacteria to move toward or away from chemical stimuli and is composed of the protein flagellin?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 5

A patient is infected with a bacterium that resists phagocytosis due to a specific structure. Which structure is most likely responsible for this virulence?

Accepted Answer

Capsule

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial cell wall?

Accepted Answer

Prevention of osmotic lysis

Question 7

Which component is found in the cell walls of Archaea but not in Bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Pseudomurein

Question 8

A scientist treats a bacterial culture with lysozyme. What is the most likely effect on the cells?

Accepted Answer

Hydrolysis of bonds in peptidoglycan, leading to cell lysis

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 10

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cytoplasm will shrink due to plasmolysis.

Question 11

Which of the following is true regarding the Gram stain mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan in gram-positive cells, trapping crystal violet-iodine complexes.

Question 12

Which of the following structures is involved in bacterial conjugation and DNA transfer?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation pili

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the composition of peptidoglycan?

Accepted Answer

Repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by polypeptides

Question 14

Which of the following is a unique feature of acid-fast cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan

Question 15

Which process requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP), and chemically modifies the substance as it enters the cell?

Accepted Answer

Group translocation

Question 16

A bacterium is observed to have a peritrichous arrangement of flagella. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

Flagella are distributed over the entire surface of the cell.

Question 17

Which of the following inclusions is responsible for maintaining buoyancy in aquatic prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

Gas vacuoles

Question 18

Which of the following statements about endospores is correct?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of porins in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They form channels that allow the passage of certain molecules.

Question 20

A bacterium is found to lack a cell wall but contains sterols in its plasma membrane. Which genus does it most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Mycoplasma

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure and Function

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