Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes a key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have paired chromosomes within a nuclear membrane, whereas prokaryotic cells have a single circular chromosome not enclosed by a membrane.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to be rod-shaped and forms long chains. What is the correct term for this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Streptobacilli

Question 3

Which component of the bacterial cell wall is unique to Gram-negative bacteria and can act as an endotoxin?

Accepted Answer

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 4

A scientist treats a bacterial culture with penicillin and observes that some cells lyse while others survive. Which of the following best explains this observation?

Accepted Answer

Penicillin inhibits peptide bridge formation in peptidoglycan, so Gram-positive bacteria are more susceptible to lysis.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial capsules?

Accepted Answer

They prevent phagocytosis and contribute to virulence.

Question 6

A bacterium is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cytoplasm will shrink, causing plasmolysis.

Question 7

Which of the following structures is responsible for bacterial motility and is composed of the protein flagellin?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 8

Which process requires both a transporter protein and energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why Mycobacterium species are resistant to many antibiotics and harsh environmental conditions?

Accepted Answer

They have a waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of plasmids in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They carry non-crucial genes, such as those for antibiotic resistance.

Question 11

A microbiologist observes a bacterium with multiple flagella distributed over its entire surface. What is the correct term for this flagellar arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Peritrichous

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the composition of peptidoglycan found in bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

A polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) linked by polypeptides

Question 13

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Presence of membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and Golgi apparatus

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why Gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Their outer membrane acts as a barrier to many antibiotics.

Question 15

Which of the following structures is involved in the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells during conjugation?

Accepted Answer

Pili

Question 16

A patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection caused by a spirochete. Which unique structure allows this bacterium to move in a corkscrew motion?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments (endoflagella)

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of group translocation in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

An active process where a substance is chemically modified as it is transported into the cell

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modification and packaging of proteins for transport

Question 19

Which of the following statements best supports the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

Both organelles contain their own circular DNA and 70S ribosomes.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of teichoic acids in Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They link the peptidoglycan layers and regulate movement of cations.

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure and Function

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