Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes a key structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, whereas prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus.

Question 2

A microbiologist observes a bacterium with a thick, gelatinous outer layer that helps it evade phagocytosis. What is this structure called, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Glycocalyx; protection from desiccation and immune evasion

Question 3

Which of the following best distinguishes the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria from that of gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Question 4

A patient is diagnosed with tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Which cell wall characteristic is most relevant to its acid-fast staining property?

Accepted Answer

High concentration of mycolic acids in the cell wall

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial endospores?

Accepted Answer

Enable bacteria to survive extreme conditions such as heat, desiccation, and chemicals

Question 6

A scientist is studying a bacterium that lacks a cell wall but survives in isotonic environments. Which group does this organism most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Mycoplasmas

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the process of group translocation in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Active transport in which a substance is chemically modified as it is brought into the cell

Question 8

A bacterium is observed to have hair-like appendages that allow it to adhere to urinary tract epithelial cells, contributing to infection. What are these structures called?

Accepted Answer

Fimbriae

Question 9

Which of the following inclusions would a bacterium most likely use to store excess phosphate for future use in nucleic acid synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Metachromatic granules (volutin)

Question 10

A researcher treats a bacterial culture with lysozyme, which removes the cell wall. If the bacteria are gram-negative, what structure is formed?

Accepted Answer

Spheroplast

Question 11

Which of the following statements about prokaryotic ribosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are 70S, composed of 50S and 30S subunits.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria are considered evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA and 70S ribosomes, similar to bacteria.

Question 13

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. Which process will most likely occur, and what is the expected result?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi complex in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins for secretion

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic flagella move in a whip-like motion, while prokaryotic flagella rotate like a propeller.

Question 16

A scientist discovers a microorganism with a cell wall lacking peptidoglycan but containing pseudopeptidoglycan. Which domain does this organism most likely belong to?

Accepted Answer

Archaea

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Break down hydrogen peroxide using catalase

Question 18

A bacterial cell is observed to have a single, polar flagellum. Which term best describes this arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Monotrichous

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 20

A patient is infected with a bacterium that can survive in the presence of penicillin by losing its cell wall and continuing to divide. What is this form called?

Accepted Answer

L form

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Study Notes

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