Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly describes a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have DNA associated with histones and non-histone proteins, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 2

A scientist isolates a cell with the following characteristics: a circular chromosome, no membrane-bound organelles, and a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan. What type of cell is this most likely to be?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial cell

Question 3

Which structure in prokaryotic cells is primarily responsible for protection against phagocytosis and can act as a virulence factor?

Accepted Answer

Capsule

Question 4

A Gram-negative bacterium is exposed to penicillin. Which feature of its cell wall makes it less susceptible to this antibiotic compared to Gram-positive bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why Mycoplasma species are resistant to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They lack a cell wall and have sterols in their plasma membrane.

Question 6

Which arrangement of flagella would you expect to find in a bacterium that has a tuft of flagella at both ends?

Accepted Answer

Amphitrichous

Question 7

A patient is infected with a bacterium that produces Lipid A as part of its cell wall. What clinical symptoms might you expect if Lipid A is released into the bloodstream?

Accepted Answer

Fever and shock

Question 8

Which of the following processes is unique to prokaryotes and involves chemical modification of a substance during its transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Group translocation

Question 9

A bacterium is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the most likely outcome if its cell wall is weak or damaged?

Accepted Answer

The cell will burst due to osmotic lysis.

Question 10

Which of the following inclusions in prokaryotic cells serves as a reserve of inorganic phosphate for ATP synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Metachromatic granules (volutin)

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct statement about the ribosomes found in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

They are 70S ribosomes composed of 50S and 30S subunits.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of fimbriae in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces

Question 13

A bacterium is observed to move toward a chemical attractant. What is this type of movement called?

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis

Question 14

Which of the following structures is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and is responsible for controlling the movement of substances into and out of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Plasma membrane

Question 15

Which organelle in eukaryotic cells is most directly involved in the synthesis of secretory proteins and membrane molecules?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 16

According to the endosymbiotic theory, which organelle is believed to have originated from photosynthetic bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Chloroplast

Question 17

Which of the following equations best represents the osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) $$required to prevent water movement across a selectively permeable membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = iMRT$$

Question 18

A Gram-positive bacterium is treated with lysozyme. What is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

Complete destruction of the cell wall, forming a protoplast

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a function of the bacterial capsule?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 20

Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cell walls is correct?

Accepted Answer

Fungal cell walls are composed of chitin.

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Comparative Study Notes

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