Question 1

Which of the following statements best distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles and have DNA not enclosed in a nucleus.

Question 2

A bacterium is observed to have a thick peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acids in its cell wall. Which type of cell wall does it possess?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive cell wall

Question 3

Which structure allows bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions such as heat, chemicals, and radiation?

Accepted Answer

Endospore

Question 4

A patient is infected with a bacterium that lacks a cell wall but contains sterols in its plasma membrane. Which genus is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Mycoplasma

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the movement of water in a hypertonic solution?

Accepted Answer

Water moves out of the cell

Question 6

Which bacterial structure is primarily responsible for motility and is composed of the protein flagellin?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 7

A scientist observes a bacterium with a flexible, helical shape that moves in a corkscrew fashion. Which structure is responsible for this movement?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments (endoflagella)

Question 8

Which process requires energy and moves substances from a region of low concentration to high concentration across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 9

Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall acts as an endotoxin and can trigger fever and shock in humans?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A

Question 10

During which process do bacteria transfer DNA to one another using pili?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi complex in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modifies and packages proteins into vesicles

Question 12

A bacterium is found to form biofilms and adhere to surfaces in the human body. Which structure is most directly involved in this process?

Accepted Answer

Fimbriae

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining cell shape and assisting movement of organelles

Question 14

Which of the following best describes group translocation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A process where substances are chemically modified during transport into the cell

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding ribosomes in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, while eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S.

Question 16

A bacterium is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the most likely outcome if its cell wall is damaged?

Accepted Answer

The cell will burst due to osmotic lysis.

Question 17

Which of the following is a unique feature of acid-fast bacteria such as Mycobacterium?

Accepted Answer

Presence of waxy mycolic acid in the cell wall

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of microtubules in eukaryotic flagella and cilia?

Accepted Answer

9 + 2 pattern

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial glycocalyx?

Accepted Answer

Increases virulence and helps form biofilms

Question 20

A scientist is studying a bacterium that can survive in the presence of antibiotics due to genes carried on small, circular DNA molecules. What are these molecules called?

Accepted Answer

Plasmids

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Study Notes

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