Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear envelope, while prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus.

Question 2

A bacterium is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the most likely outcome if its cell wall is damaged?

Accepted Answer

The bacterium will undergo osmotic lysis and burst.

Question 3

Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is responsible for the toxic effects observed during infections?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the glycocalyx is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A capsule form of glycocalyx increases bacterial pathogenicity by protecting against phagocytosis.

Question 5

A patient is diagnosed with a bacterial infection caused by Bacillus anthracis. Which structure most likely contributes to its ability to evade the host immune system?

Accepted Answer

Capsule

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why penicillin is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have multiple layers of peptidoglycan, which penicillin targets, while Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane that protects the thin peptidoglycan layer.

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of bacterial fimbriae?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to surfaces and formation of biofilms

Question 8

A scientist observes a bacterium moving in a spiral motion. Which structure is most likely responsible for this type of motility?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments (endoflagella)

Question 9

Which of the following best describes group translocation in prokaryotes?

Accepted Answer

A form of active transport where a substance is chemically modified during its passage across the membrane.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about endospores is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are resistant to heat, desiccation, and chemicals due to their thick spore coat.

Question 11

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of eukaryotic flagella compared to prokaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic flagella move in a wavelike manner due to a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules.

Question 12

Which of the following antibiotics targets the 30S subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome?

Accepted Answer

Streptomycin

Question 13

A bacterium is found to have a single, circular chromosome and several small, circular DNA molecules that confer antibiotic resistance. What are these small DNA molecules called?

Accepted Answer

Plasmids

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why antibiotics that target peptidoglycan synthesis are generally not harmful to human cells?

Accepted Answer

Human cells lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi complex in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Packaging and modification of proteins for secretion

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the endosymbiotic theory?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotic cells living inside a host cell.

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE regarding facilitated diffusion across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It involves the use of transporter proteins to move substances down their concentration gradient.

Question 18

Which of the following structures is responsible for the selective permeability of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of osmosis?

Accepted Answer

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.

Question 20

Which of the following is a unique feature of acid-fast bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Presence of mycolic acid bound to peptidoglycan

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Structure and Function

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