Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure and function of the bacterial glycocalyx?

Accepted Answer

It is a sticky, gel-like layer made of polysaccharide and/or polypeptide that prevents osmotic lysis and aids in attachment.

Question 2

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls compared to Gram-positive cell walls?

Accepted Answer

A thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Question 3

A bacterium is observed to have a single flagellum at each end of the cell. What is the correct term for this flagellar arrangement?

Accepted Answer

Amphitrichous

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why Mycobacterium species are resistant to many chemicals and dehydration?

Accepted Answer

Their cell walls contain a waxy lipid called mycolic acid.

Question 5

Which process requires energy and moves substances against their concentration gradient across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 6

A patient is infected with a bacterium that is resistant to penicillin. Which cell wall structure is most likely present in this bacterium?

Accepted Answer

Thin peptidoglycan with an outer membrane containing LPS

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of fimbriae in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Adhesion to surfaces and cells

Question 8

Which of the following statements about plasmids is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are small, circular DNA molecules that can be transferred between bacteria.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the bacterial cell wall?

Accepted Answer

Prevention of osmotic lysis

Question 10

A bacterium is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will move into the cell, but the cell wall will prevent lysis.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of cocci in 'staphylococci'?

Accepted Answer

Clusters resembling grapes

Question 12

Which of the following is true about endospores?

Accepted Answer

They allow bacteria to survive adverse conditions.

Question 13

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S.

Question 14

Which of the following best explains the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

Accepted Answer

They evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living within ancestral eukaryotic cells.

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi complex in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Modification and transport of proteins from the ER

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the composition of peptidoglycan?

Accepted Answer

Repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) cross-linked by amino acids

Question 17

A scientist observes a bacterium with a rigid, tubular structure extending from its surface, which is involved in DNA transfer. What is this structure called?

Accepted Answer

Pilus

Question 18

Which of the following is a characteristic of the plasma membrane in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

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