Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have DNA associated with histones and non-histone proteins, while prokaryotic cells do not.

Question 2

Which of the following organisms is classified as a prokaryote?

Accepted Answer

Archaea

Question 3

A scientist observes a cell with a single circular chromosome, no membrane-bound organelles, and a cell wall made of peptidoglycan. Which type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial cell

Question 4

Which of the following is a function of the capsule found in some prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

It provides protection from phagocytosis.

Question 5

Which arrangement of flagella would you expect to find in a bacterium with flagella distributed over its entire surface?

Accepted Answer

Peritrichous

Question 6

A Gram-negative bacterium is exposed to lysozyme. What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Partial destruction of the cell wall, resulting in a spheroplast.

Question 7

Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is responsible for its toxicity in the host's blood?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 8

Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, resulting in osmotic pressure?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 9

A bacterium is placed in a hypotonic solution. What is the most likely consequence for a Gram-negative cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will burst due to osmotic lysis.

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why penicillin is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer that is the target of penicillin.

Question 11

Which structure in prokaryotic cells is primarily responsible for motility and can be used to distinguish among serovars?

Accepted Answer

Flagella

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Contains sterols for rigidity (except Mycoplasma)

Question 13

Which of the following inclusions is a reserve of inorganic phosphate and is characteristic of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

Accepted Answer

Metachromatic granules (volutin)

Question 14

Which of the following statements about endospores is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Endospores are highly durable, dehydrated cells formed when nutrients are depleted.

Question 15

Which of the following is a major difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic flagella?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic flagella have a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, while prokaryotic flagella do not.

Question 16

Which eukaryotic organelle is responsible for ATP production and contains its own DNA?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 17

According to the endosymbiotic theory, which evidence supports the idea that mitochondria originated from prokaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria divide by binary fission and have circular DNA.

Question 18

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) $$using van't Hoff's law?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = iMRT$$

Question 19

A bacterium is exposed to penicillin, which inhibits the cross-linking of peptidoglycan. What is the most likely effect on the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell wall will weaken, making the cell susceptible to osmotic lysis.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells: Comparative Structure and Organization

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