Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the direction of passive diffusion across a membrane?

$[\text{high concentration}] \rightarrow [\text{low concentration}]$

Q: Which equation best represents osmosis in bacterial cells?

$\text{Water moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration}$

Question 1

Which of the following statements correctly describes a major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome located in a nucleoid region, while eukaryotic cells have multiple, linear chromosomes within a membrane-bound nucleus.

Question 2

Which bacterial structure is primarily responsible for resistance to phagocytosis and can act as a virulence factor?

Accepted Answer

Capsule (a type of glycocalyx)

Question 3

A patient sample reveals Gram-negative diplococci. Which of the following is most likely the causative agent?

Accepted Answer

Neisseria meningitidis

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of bacterial flagella?

Accepted Answer

Motility via rotary motion, enabling chemotaxis

Question 5

Which component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall is released upon cell death and acts as an endotoxin?

Accepted Answer

Lipid A

Question 6

Which of the following equations correctly represents the direction of passive diffusion across a membrane?

Accepted Answer

$[	ext{high concentration}] ightarrow [	ext{low concentration}]$

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of the prokaryotic plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 8

A bacterium is found to survive in environments lacking a cell wall and can divide and grow in this form. What is this form called?

Accepted Answer

L-form

Question 9

Which of the following structures is unique to spirochetes and is responsible for their corkscrew motility?

Accepted Answer

Axial filaments

Question 10

Which of the following statements about endospores is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Endospores contain dipicolinic acid and calcium ions that protect their DNA.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why penicillin is more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer with extensive peptide cross-bridges targeted by penicillin.

Question 12

Which of the following inclusions allows bacteria to orient themselves along magnetic fields?

Accepted Answer

Magnetosomes

Question 13

A bacterium is found to have a cell wall containing mycolic acids and is resistant to desiccation and chemical damage. Which staining method would best identify this organism?

Accepted Answer

Acid-fast stain

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct description of chemotaxis in motile bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Movement in response to chemical gradients, alternating between 'runs' and 'tumbles'

Question 15

Which of the following is evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate independently and have circular DNA similar to bacteria.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of porins in Gram-negative bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They permit entry of metabolically important molecules through the outer membrane.

Question 17

Which equation best represents osmosis in bacterial cells?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Water moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration}$

Question 18

Which bacterial structure is directly involved in conjugation and DNA transfer between cells?

Accepted Answer

Sex pilus

Question 19

A bacterium is found to have a thick peptidoglycan layer and teichoic acids. Which type of cell wall does it possess?

Accepted Answer

Gram-positive

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of carboxysomes in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

CO$_2$ fixation via Rubisco enzyme

Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic Cells: Structure, Function, and Diversity

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