Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between genotype and phenotype in a bacterial cell?

Accepted Answer

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype refers to the observable traits.

Question 2

Which statement about the flow of genetic information in a cell is correct according to the central dogma?

Accepted Answer

Information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 3

During protein synthesis, which process is directly responsible for converting mRNA into a polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a post-translational modification?

Accepted Answer

Splicing

Question 5

A scientist observes that a bacterial strain can survive in the presence of an antibiotic after exposure to UV light. Which type of mutation is most likely responsible for this change?

Accepted Answer

Induced mutation

Question 6

Which of the following mechanisms is a form of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Conjugation

Question 7

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template during transcription?

Accepted Answer

RNA polymerase

Question 8

Which of the following best describes a transposon?

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA that can move from one location to another within the genome

Question 9

Which process is used to introduce foreign DNA into a bacterial cell, resulting in genetic transformation?

Accepted Answer

Transformation

Question 10

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic genomes are typically smaller and lack introns, while eukaryotic genomes are larger and contain introns.

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the complementary base pairing in DNA?

Accepted Answer

$$A = T, C = G$$

Question 12

A mutation changes the codon $$UAC ($$tyrosine) to $$UAA ($$stop codon). What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Nonsense mutation

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why gene regulation is important in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

It enables bacteria to respond to environmental changes by controlling protein synthesis.

Question 14

Which process involves the transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another via a bacteriophage?

Accepted Answer

Transduction

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a spontaneous mutation?

Accepted Answer

A mutation resulting from errors during DNA replication

Question 16

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a method of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Binary fission

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of the Ames test?

Accepted Answer

To identify mutagenic potential of chemical compounds

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of a silent mutation?

Accepted Answer

A mutation that does not alter the amino acid sequence of a protein

Question 19

Which of the following equations represents the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA$$

Question 20

Which of the following is a real-world example of gene regulation in bacteria?

Accepted Answer

The lac operon controlling lactose metabolism in E. coli

Genetics and Molecular Biology: Key Concepts and Mechanisms

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