Question 1

Which of the following best explains the dramatic decrease in polio and measles cases after the 1960s, as shown in the provided graph?

Accepted Answer

Introduction of effective vaccines for both diseases

Question 2

Which type of vaccine uses pathogens with reduced virulence and can provide contact immunity?

Accepted Answer

Attenuated (live) vaccine

Question 3

A patient receives an injection of preformed antibodies to treat a snake bite. Which type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Passive immunization

Question 4

Which of the following is a major limitation of passive immunotherapy using antisera?

Accepted Answer

Antisera can trigger allergic reactions called serum sickness

Question 5

Which equation best represents the relationship between antigen concentration and the diameter of the precipitation ring in radial immunodiffusion?

Accepted Answer

$$d = k \log(C)$$

Question 6

In an ELISA test, what is the purpose of adding an enzyme-linked anti-antibody after the patient serum?

Accepted Answer

To bind to the patient's antibody and allow detection via enzyme reaction

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the principle behind agglutination tests?

Accepted Answer

Clumping of insoluble particles due to cross-linking of antibodies with particulate antigens

Question 8

A patient’s serum is tested for antibodies against influenza using a viral hemagglutination inhibition test. What result indicates the presence of antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Absence of hemagglutination

Question 9

Which of the following is a key advantage of ELISA over other immune tests?

Accepted Answer

It can quantify amounts of antigen or antibody and is easy to perform on many samples

Question 10

Which step in the production of monoclonal antibodies involves the fusion of plasma cells and myeloma cells?

Accepted Answer

Step 3: Hybridomas are formed by mixing and fusing plasma cells and myeloma cells

Question 11

Which of the following statements about toxoid vaccines is correct?

Accepted Answer

They use chemically or thermally modified toxins to stimulate active immunity

Question 12

A patient with an egg allergy should avoid certain vaccines. Why?

Accepted Answer

Some vaccines are cultured inside chicken eggs

Question 13

Which immune test uses fluorescent dyes to detect the presence of antigens or antibodies?

Accepted Answer

Fluorescent antibody test

Question 14

Which of the following is a reason why vaccine-associated risks discourage investment in new vaccine development?

Accepted Answer

Potential for mild toxicity and rare cases of anaphylactic shock

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between precipitation and agglutination reactions?

Accepted Answer

Precipitation involves aggregation of soluble molecules, agglutination involves clumping of insoluble particles

Question 16

Which of the following is a limitation of using antisera for passive immunotherapy that is overcome by hybridoma technology?

Accepted Answer

Antisera contain antibodies against many antigens

Question 17

Which immune test is most commonly used for rapid, preliminary diagnosis and is also used in pregnancy testing?

Accepted Answer

Immunochromatography

Question 18

In the context of immune testing, what is the main purpose of using adjuvants in inactivated vaccines?

Accepted Answer

To increase the effective antigenicity and stimulate a stronger immune response

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the complement fixation test?

Accepted Answer

It detects the presence of specific antibodies by generating membrane attack complexes during complement activation

Question 20

Which of the following is a key feature of combination vaccines?

Accepted Answer

They allow simultaneous administration of antigens from several pathogens

Immunization and Immune Testing: Principles and Applications

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