Question 1

Which of the following best describes an allograft?

Accepted Answer

A transplant using tissue from another person who is not genetically identical.

Question 2

A patient receives a bone marrow transplant and later develops a condition where the transplanted cells attack the patient's own tissues. What is this condition called?

Accepted Answer

Graft-versus-host (GVH) disease

Question 3

Which of the following is a major consequence of using immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant?

Accepted Answer

Increased susceptibility to infections and cancer

Question 4

Why is it difficult for the immune system to recognize and destroy cancer cells?

Accepted Answer

Cancer cells are not recognized as foreign because they are derived from normal cells and may lack tumor-associated antigens.

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the hygiene hypothesis in relation to the human microbiome?

Accepted Answer

Increased diversity in the microbiome is associated with better immune system development and health.

Question 6

A patient develops Clostridium difficile infection after antibiotic therapy. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Antibiotics caused dysbiosis, reducing normal gut microbiota and allowing C. difficile to proliferate.

Question 7

Which of the following is a congenital immunodeficiency?

Accepted Answer

DiGeorge syndrome due to lack of thymus

Question 8

Which glycoprotein on the HIV virus is responsible for binding to the CD4 receptor on host cells?

Accepted Answer

gp120

Question 9

What is the main reason why HIV is difficult to eradicate from the body?

Accepted Answer

HIV integrates its DNA into host chromosomes, forming a latent reservoir in memory T cells.

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in cancer immunity?

Accepted Answer

CTLs lyse cancer cells by recognizing tumor-associated antigens.

Question 11

A patient with HIV has a CD4+ T cell count of 150 cells/μl and develops Pneumocystis pneumonia. Which phase of HIV infection is this patient in?

Accepted Answer

Phase 3: AIDS

Question 12

Which of the following is a reason why developing an effective HIV vaccine is challenging?

Accepted Answer

HIV has a high mutation rate, leading to many resistant strains.

Question 13

Which of the following is a real-world application of immunotherapy for cancer?

Accepted Answer

Using monoclonal antibodies like Herceptin to target specific growth factors in breast cancer

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why some individuals are resistant to HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

They have a mutation in the CCR5 gene, preventing HIV entry into cells.

Question 15

Which of the following is the most effective way to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV?

Accepted Answer

Administering antiretroviral therapy to the mother during pregnancy

Question 16

Which of the following statements about HIV transmission is correct?

Accepted Answer

HIV is most commonly transmitted through intimate sexual contact and contaminated needles.

Question 17

A patient with Crohn's disease is treated with whipworm eggs. What is the proposed mechanism for this therapy?

Accepted Answer

Whipworm eggs suppress T helper cell pathways, reducing inflammation.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process by which HIV integrates its genetic material into the host cell's DNA?

Accepted Answer

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes DNA from RNA, and integrase incorporates it into the host genome.

Question 19

Which of the following is a plausible consequence of dysbiosis in the human microbiome?

Accepted Answer

Development of inflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis

Immunodeficiencies, Transplantation, and HIV/AIDS: Microbiology Study Notes

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