Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Active immunity results from the body producing its own antibodies, while passive immunity involves the transfer of antibodies from another source.

Question 2

A newborn receives antibodies from its mother through breast milk. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Passive natural immunity

Question 3

Why do vaccinations provide long-term protection against specific diseases?

Accepted Answer

They stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells that recognize and respond to the pathogen upon future exposure.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of an attenuated (live) vaccine?

Accepted Answer

The measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine

Question 5

A patient receives a vaccine containing a chemically inactivated bacterial toxin. This type of vaccine is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Toxoid vaccine

Question 6

Which of the following best describes how monoclonal antibodies are produced?

Accepted Answer

By fusing antibody-secreting plasma cells with myeloma cells to create hybridomas

Question 7

Monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer therapy because:

Accepted Answer

They bind specifically to cancer cells and can help destroy them.

Question 8

In an ELISA test, what is the primary purpose of the enzyme-linked antibody?

Accepted Answer

To produce a detectable signal indicating the presence of the target antibody or antigen

Question 9

A laboratory technician is using ELISA to test for the presence of HIV antibodies in a patient's serum. Which of the following best explains the result if the test is positive?

Accepted Answer

The patient's serum contains antibodies specific to HIV.

Question 10

Which of the following best defines hypersensitivity?

Accepted Answer

An exaggerated or inappropriate immune response to an antigen

Question 11

A patient develops hives and difficulty breathing within minutes of eating peanuts. This is an example of which type of hypersensitivity?

Accepted Answer

Type I (immediate)

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reaction?

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic anemia following a mismatched blood transfusion

Question 13

Type III hypersensitivity reactions are characterized by:

Accepted Answer

The formation of immune complexes that deposit in tissues, causing inflammation

Question 14

A positive tuberculin skin test (Mantoux test) is an example of which type of hypersensitivity?

Accepted Answer

Type IV (delayed)

Question 15

Which of the following best describes an autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

A disease in which the immune system attacks the body's own normal cells

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of immunodeficiency?

Accepted Answer

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

Question 17

A patient receives a combination vaccine that protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis. This vaccine is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A combination vaccine

Question 18

Which of the following statements about recombinant vaccines is correct?

Accepted Answer

They are produced by inserting genes for antigens into non-pathogenic organisms.

Question 19

A patient is given an injection of antivenom after a snake bite. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Passive artificial immunity

Question 20

A scientist is designing an experiment to detect the presence of a specific antigen in a blood sample using ELISA. Which of the following steps is essential for the success of this assay?

Accepted Answer

Adding a substrate that reacts with the enzyme to produce a color change

Immunology Concepts and Applications – Microbiology Study Guidance

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