Question 1

A patient develops a urinary tract infection after being hospitalized for surgery. Which term best describes this type of infection?

Accepted Answer

Nosocomial infection

Question 2

Which of the following best explains why handwashing is critical in preventing nosocomial infections?

Accepted Answer

It reduces the transmission of pathogens by removing microbes from the skin.

Question 3

A child is born with maternal antibodies that provide temporary protection against certain diseases. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Passive natural immunity

Question 4

Which virulence factor allows bacteria to evade phagocytosis by immune cells?

Accepted Answer

Capsule

Question 5

A patient presents with fever, swelling, redness, and pain at a wound site. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during the inflammatory response?

Accepted Answer

Initial tissue injury → Blood vessel dilation → Increased permeability → Edema and pus formation → Healing and repair

Question 6

Which antibody is most abundant in serum and provides long-term immunity, including crossing the placenta to protect the fetus?

Accepted Answer

IgG

Question 7

A laboratory test detects the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a patient's blood. What is the likely source of this molecule?

Accepted Answer

Gram-negative bacteria

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the function of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

They activate B cells and other immune cells.

Question 9

A person receives an injection of antivenom after a snake bite. What type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Passive artificial immunity

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why attenuated (live) vaccines are generally not recommended for immunocompromised individuals?

Accepted Answer

They can replicate and potentially cause disease in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Question 11

During a bacterial infection, which process involves the movement of white blood cells through blood vessel walls into infected tissues?

Accepted Answer

Diapedesis

Question 12

A patient is exposed to a pathogen for the first time. Which antibody will appear first in their blood?

Accepted Answer

IgM

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of microbial antagonism?

Accepted Answer

Normal microbiota producing acids that inhibit pathogen growth

Question 14

A disease that is constantly present in a population, such as malaria in certain regions, is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Endemic

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies coat pathogens to enhance phagocytosis.

Question 16

A mother transmits HIV to her child during childbirth. What type of transmission is this?

Accepted Answer

Vertical transmission

Question 17

Which of the following best explains the concept of selective toxicity in antimicrobial therapy?

Accepted Answer

The drug harms pathogens without damaging host cells.

Question 18

A patient recovers from chickenpox and develops long-term immunity. Which type of immunity is this?

Accepted Answer

Active natural immunity

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the role of MHC I molecules?

Accepted Answer

They are found on all nucleated cells and present antigens to cytotoxic T cells.

Question 20

A patient develops a secondary immune response after re-exposure to a pathogen. Which of the following best describes this response?

Accepted Answer

It is faster and dominated by IgG antibodies due to memory cells.

Infection, Immunity, and Vaccines: Study Guide for Microbiology

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