Q: Which of the following equations best represents the calculation of case fatality rate (CFR) for a disease?

$$ \text{CFR} = \frac{\text{Number of deaths due to disease}}{\text{Number of diagnosed cases}} \times 100 $$

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a natural defense present in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems?

Accepted Answer

Presence of a normal microbiome

Question 2

A patient presents with fever, anemia, abnormal heartbeat, and clubbed fingers. Blood culture reveals alpha-hemolytic streptococci. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Subacute endocarditis

Question 3

Which virulence factor is most critical for SARS-CoV-2 in causing COVID-19?

Accepted Answer

Attachment to ACE-2 receptor

Question 4

A sudden loss of blood pressure and respiratory alkalosis in a patient with gram-negative bacteremia is most likely due to:

Accepted Answer

Endotoxic shock

Question 5

Which of the following equations best represents the calculation of case fatality rate (CFR) for a disease?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{CFR} = \frac{	ext{Number of deaths due to disease}}{	ext{Number of diagnosed cases}} 	imes 100 $$

Question 6

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of nonhemorrhagic fever diseases compared to hemorrhagic fever diseases?

Accepted Answer

High fever without capillary fragility leading to hemorrhage

Question 7

A patient in the United States is diagnosed with Lyme disease. Which of the following is the most likely mode of transmission?

Accepted Answer

Biological vector (tick)

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the normal biota of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems is correct?

Accepted Answer

Microorganisms may be present, but there is no established normal microbiome.

Question 9

Which causative agent is responsible for Chagas disease, and what is its primary mode of transmission?

Accepted Answer

Trypanosoma cruzi; biological vector (triatomine bug)

Question 10

Which of the following is the most effective prevention strategy for malaria in endemic regions?

Accepted Answer

Mosquito control and use of insecticide-treated bed nets

Question 11

A patient presents with fever, chills, headache, and swollen lymph nodes but no rash. The disease progresses to cardiac and neurological symptoms. Which pathogen is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Borrelia burgdorferi

Question 12

Which of the following is a key virulence factor for Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague?

Accepted Answer

Capsule and plasminogen activator

Question 13

Which laboratory method is most commonly used to diagnose acute endocarditis?

Accepted Answer

Blood culture

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why COVID-19 is included in the chapter on cardiovascular infectious diseases?

Accepted Answer

COVID-19 can cause cardiovascular complications such as myocarditis and blood clotting disorders.

Question 15

Which of the following is a distinctive feature of infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus?

Accepted Answer

Lifelong persistence due to viral latency

Question 16

Which of the following is the most appropriate initial treatment for sepsis before identification of the causative organism?

Accepted Answer

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

Question 17

Which of the following is a major epidemiological feature of HIV infection in the United States?

Accepted Answer

HIV infection is a chronic condition with approximately 1.2 million people living with HIV.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the prevalence of a disease in a population?

Accepted Answer

$$ 	ext{Prevalence} = \frac{	ext{Number of existing cases}}{	ext{Total population}} 	imes 100 $$

Question 19

Which of the following is a key event in the course of untreated HIV infection?

Accepted Answer

Progressive depletion of CD4+ T cells leading to immunodeficiency

Question 20

Which of the following is a common mode of transmission for anthrax in humans?

Accepted Answer

Vehicle transmission via air, soil, or food

Infectious Diseases Manifesting in the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

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