Question 1

Which of the following is a natural defense mechanism of the urinary tract that directly involves the removal of potential pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Flushing action of urine

Question 2

A 25-year-old woman presents with a thick, curd-like vaginal discharge and itching. Microscopy reveals a dimorphic fungus. Which organism is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Candida albicans

Question 3

Which of the following statements best explains why women are more susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTIs) than men?

Accepted Answer

The female urethra is shorter, allowing easier access for bacteria to the bladder.

Question 4

A patient presents with sudden high fever, chills, headache, and muscle aches after swimming in a river in a tropical region. Laboratory tests reveal spirochetes in the blood. Which is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Leptospirosis

Question 5

Which of the following is the primary virulence factor for Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections?

Accepted Answer

Adhesins and motility

Question 6

A sexually active woman presents with a fishy-smelling vaginal discharge but no inflammation. Microscopy shows a mixed bacterial population and reduced lactobacilli. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Bacterial vaginosis

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the pathogenesis of urinary schistosomiasis?

Accepted Answer

Invasion of intact skin and attachment to vascular endothelium

Question 8

A 30-year-old man develops a painless, hard, red bump on his genitalia, followed weeks later by a rash on his palms and soles. Which organism is responsible for this disease progression?

Accepted Answer

Treponema pallidum

Question 9

Which of the following is the most effective prevention strategy for reducing the incidence of cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)?

Accepted Answer

Vaccination with the 9-valent Gardasil vaccine

Question 10

A newborn develops sepsis shortly after birth. The mother was not screened for Group B Streptococcus (GBS) during pregnancy. What is the most appropriate prevention strategy for future cases?

Accepted Answer

Screening pregnant women at 35–37 weeks and treating positives with penicillin or ampicillin

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why the vaginal environment is typically acidic during the reproductive years?

Accepted Answer

High levels of estrogen promote the growth of Lactobacillus, which lowers pH by producing lactic acid.

Question 12

A patient with a history of recurrent UTIs is found to have a carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli infection. Which of the following is the most significant public health concern associated with this finding?

Accepted Answer

Serious antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threat

Question 13

Which of the following is the drug of choice for treating urinary schistosomiasis?

Accepted Answer

Praziquantel

Question 14

A 32-year-old woman presents with white to green frothy vaginal discharge. She is diagnosed with a protozoal infection. Which drug is the treatment of choice?

Accepted Answer

Metronidazole

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which secretory IgA protects the genitourinary tract?

Accepted Answer

It neutralizes pathogens by binding to them and preventing their attachment to mucosal surfaces.

Question 16

A patient presents with multiple painful vesicles on the genitalia. The lesions recur periodically, especially after stress. Which virus is most likely responsible?

Accepted Answer

Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2)

Question 17

Which of the following is a distinguishing feature of pyelonephritis compared to cystitis?

Accepted Answer

Back pain and high fever

Question 18

A 40-year-old man develops fever, chills, diarrhea, and cough after exposure to untreated sewage in Africa. Urine microscopy reveals eggs. Which of the following is the most likely causative organism?

Accepted Answer

Schistosoma haematobium

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why bacterial vaginosis does not typically induce inflammation in the vagina?

Accepted Answer

The mixed infection primarily alters the microbiota without triggering a strong immune response.

Question 20

A patient is diagnosed with trichomoniasis. Which of the following is a potential complication if the infection occurs during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

Premature labor and low-birth-weight infants

Infectious Diseases of the Genitourinary System: Structure, Defenses, Microbiota, and Major Pathogens

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