Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of lysozyme in the body's first line of defense?

Accepted Answer

It is a biochemical agent that hydrolyzes peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.

Question 2

A patient presents with redness, heat, swelling, and pain at a wound site. Which physiological process is primarily responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Inflammation

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a granulocyte?

Accepted Answer

Monocyte

Question 4

During phagocytosis, what is the correct sequence of steps?

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis → Adherence → Engulfment → Phagosome formation → Phagolysosome formation

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why proteins are generally more immunogenic than polysaccharides?

Accepted Answer

Proteins have more complex and variable structures, allowing for more antigenic determinants.

Question 6

A child receives the DTaP vaccine. Which of the following statements is correct regarding the components of this vaccine?

Accepted Answer

It contains toxoids for diphtheria and tetanus, and selected acellular antigens for pertussis.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of helper T cells?

Accepted Answer

They process antigens and activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Question 8

A newborn receives antibodies from its mother through the placenta and breast milk. This is an example of which type of immunity?

Accepted Answer

Natural passive immunity

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies coat pathogens, enhancing their uptake by phagocytes.

Question 10

A patient is given an injection of pooled human IgG after exposure to hepatitis A. Which statement best describes this type of immunization?

Accepted Answer

It is artificial passive immunity and provides immediate, short-term protection.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the difference between primary and secondary immune responses?

Accepted Answer

The secondary response is faster and stronger due to memory B and T cells.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about the complement system?

Accepted Answer

It is a group of proteins that, when activated, can lyse pathogens and enhance phagocytosis.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes a toxoid vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A vaccine containing inactivated toxins that are still antigenic.

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of interleukin-1 (IL-1) during an immune response?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the hypothalamus to increase body temperature, resulting in fever.

Question 15

A laboratory test shows a high number of plasma cells in a patient's blood. What is the primary function of these cells?

Accepted Answer

To produce large quantities of antibodies (immunoglobulins).

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells?

Accepted Answer

They release perforins and granzymes to induce apoptosis in target cells.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of artificial active immunity?

Accepted Answer

Receiving the MMR vaccine and developing immunity.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the process of clonal selection in B lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

Only B cells with receptors specific to a particular antigen are selected to proliferate and differentiate.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why booster shots are given for certain vaccines?

Accepted Answer

To stimulate a secondary immune response, resulting in higher antibody titers and longer-lasting immunity.

Question 20

A patient is exposed to a live attenuated viral vaccine. Which of the following best describes 'attenuated' in this context?

Accepted Answer

The virus is weakened so it cannot cause disease but can still induce immunity.

Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Mechanisms, Cells, and Vaccines

Study Guide - Practice Questions