Question 1

Which of the following best describes the process of diapedesis in leukocytes?

Accepted Answer

Migration of leukocytes out of blood vessels into the tissues

Question 2

During the vascular reaction stage of inflammation, which of the following events occurs?

Accepted Answer

Nearby blood vessels dilate, increasing blood flow and vascular permeability

Question 3

Which of the following is a benefit of fever during infection?

Accepted Answer

Inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms

Question 4

Which endogenous pyrogen is released by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Question 5

A patient develops swelling and pus at the site of a skin infection. Which stage of inflammation is primarily responsible for these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Edema and pus formation

Question 6

Which of the following phagocytes is most likely to react early to bacteria and damaged tissue?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 7

What is the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in phagocytic recognition?

Accepted Answer

Detect foreign molecules and signal macrophages to produce chemicals that stimulate an immune response

Question 8

Which toxic oxygen species is produced during the destruction and elimination phase of phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

O$_2$

Question 9

Interferons are produced in response to viral infections. What is their primary function?

Accepted Answer

Signal neighboring cells to produce antiviral proteins

Question 10

Which complement pathway is activated by the presence of antibody bound to a microorganism?

Accepted Answer

Classical pathway

Question 11

A patient with a genetic deficiency in the membrane attack complex (MAC) would have difficulty with which immune process?

Accepted Answer

Direct killing of pathogens by complement proteins

Question 12

Which of the following best describes opsonization?

Accepted Answer

Coating a pathogen to promote phagocytosis

Question 13

Which cell type is most concentrated in the skin and linings of mucous membranes and is important for antigen presentation?

Accepted Answer

Dendritic cells

Question 14

During phagocytosis, which organelle fuses with the phagosome to digest the pathogen?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of C3 and C5 complement proteins?

Accepted Answer

Directly producing antiviral proteins

Question 16

A researcher observes that a certain bacterial infection is not cleared efficiently in a patient. Laboratory tests reveal a lack of neutrophil infiltration at the infection site. Which process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis

Question 17

Which of the following is a nonspecific complement pathway triggered by a host serum protein binding to mannan?

Accepted Answer

Lectin pathway

Question 18

Which chemical released by macrophages during phagocytosis acts as an endogenous pyrogen and can induce fever?

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why fever reduces the available iron during infection?

Accepted Answer

Iron is sequestered to limit microbial growth, as many pathogens require iron for metabolism

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis, binding and ingestion, phagosome formation, lysosome fusion, destruction and elimination

Innate Immunity: Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Interferons, and Complement System

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