Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity provides rapid, non-specific defense against any pathogen, while adaptive immunity is slower, specific, and has a memory component.

Question 2

Which physical factor is responsible for transporting microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Ciliary escalator

Question 3

What is the primary function of lysozyme found in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine?

Accepted Answer

Destroying bacterial cell walls

Question 4

A patient presents with a high white blood cell (WBC) count. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disease or bacterial infection

Question 5

Which granulocyte is primarily involved in allergic responses and releases histamine?

Accepted Answer

Basophils

Question 6

During phagocytosis, what is the role of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

It coats the microorganism with serum proteins, making ingestion easier for phagocytes.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Fever

Question 8

Which vasoactive mediator is released by mast cells, basophils, and platelets and causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels?

Accepted Answer

Histamine

Question 9

What is the effect of prostaglandins during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

They intensify the effects of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through capillary walls.

Question 10

Which process describes phagocytes sticking to the endothelium during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Margination

Question 11

A patient with sickle cell trait is less susceptible to malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

Genetic resistance

Question 12

Which antimicrobial substance acts by creating a membrane attack complex (MAC) that leads to cytolysis?

Accepted Answer

Complement proteins

Question 13

Which equation best represents the relationship between the number of leukocytes ($$W$$), erythrocytes ($$E$$), and platelets ($$P) in $$total formed elements ($$T) in $$blood?

Accepted Answer

$$T = W + E + P$$

Question 14

Which of the following is a chemical factor that inhibits microbial growth by lowering the pH of the skin?

Accepted Answer

Sebum

Question 15

Which of the following statements about interferons is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

Interferons are species-specific cytokines that inhibit viral replication and activate neutrophils and macrophages.

Question 16

During fever, which molecule is released by the hypothalamus to reset the body temperature to a higher value?

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandins

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the process of diapedesis?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells to reach the site of infection.

Question 18

Which antimicrobial peptide (AMP) mechanism is most likely to disrupt the integrity of a bacterial cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Disrupting cell membranes

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-world example of a physical factor preventing infection?

Accepted Answer

The flow of urine cleaning the urethra

Question 20

A patient with a viral infection is likely to have which of the following changes in their white blood cell count?

Accepted Answer

Low WBC count

Innate Immunity: Nonspecific Defenses of the Host

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