Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is inborn and nonspecific, while adaptive immunity is specific and develops memory.

Question 2

A patient presents with swollen lymph nodes in the neck and underarm. What is the most likely explanation for this clinical finding?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytes in the lymph nodes are rapidly multiplying in response to an invading microbe.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a first-line defense against pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil phagocytosis

Question 4

Which of the following statements about the complement system is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

It consists of over 30 proteins that circulate in the blood in an inactive form.

Question 5

A patient with a chronic bacterial infection is found to have an elevated neutrophil count. This condition is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Neutrophilia

Question 6

Which of the following is a chemical barrier that directly attacks bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme

Question 7

Which of the following cytokines is primarily responsible for stimulating inflammation and fever, and is made mainly by macrophages?

Accepted Answer

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\alpha)

Question 8

A child raised in a germ-free environment is found to have an underdeveloped immune system. This observation supports which hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The hygiene hypothesis

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the process of opsonization?

Accepted Answer

Tagging an invader with complement proteins to enhance phagocytosis

Question 10

Which of the following is a function of iron-binding proteins in innate immunity?

Accepted Answer

They bind iron to limit its availability to pathogens.

Question 11

A patient with allergies is found to have an elevated eosinophil count. Which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Eosinophilia

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events during the recruitment phase of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Margination, diapedesis, chemotaxis

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Fever

Question 14

Which of the following statements about fever is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

Fever enhances the antiviral effects of interferons and increases phagocyte efficiency.

Question 15

Which of the following cells is highly phagocytic, can be fixed or wandering, and is derived from monocytes?

Accepted Answer

Macrophage

Question 16

Which of the following is a function of chemokines?

Accepted Answer

Inducing chemotaxis to attract immune cells to sites of infection

Question 17

A patient is prescribed a steroid anti-inflammatory drug (SAID) for a chronic condition. What is a potential risk associated with long-term use of this medication?

Accepted Answer

Suppressed immunity due to decreased production of cytokines and eicosanoids

Question 18

Which of the following is a granulocyte that releases histamine and plays a role in allergic responses?

Accepted Answer

Basophil

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why mast cells are not counted in a differential white blood cell count?

Accepted Answer

They are found in tissues rather than circulating in the blood.

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct statement about the role of normal microbiota in immune system development?

Accepted Answer

Microbe-free environments lead to underdeveloped immune systems.

Innate Immunity: Principles and Mechanisms

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