Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

Accepted Answer

Innate immunity is present at birth and provides rapid, non-specific defense; adaptive immunity develops over time and is specific to particular pathogens.

Question 2

A patient presents with a high white blood cell (WBC) count. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The patient may have a bacterial infection, autoimmune disease, or a side effect of certain medications.

Question 3

Which of the following is a function of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the immune system?

Accepted Answer

TLRs recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger the release of cytokines.

Question 4

Which physical factor is responsible for transporting microbes trapped in mucus away from the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Ciliary escalator

Question 5

Which chemical factor found in perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine destroys bacterial cell walls?

Accepted Answer

Lysozyme

Question 6

Normal microbiota protect the host from pathogens by all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Preventing the development of the immune system

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of neutrophils?

Accepted Answer

Release histamine during allergic responses

Question 8

Which formed element in blood is responsible for clotting?

Accepted Answer

Platelets

Question 9

Which stage of inflammation involves increased permeability of blood vessels and vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Vasodilation and increased permeability

Question 10

Which of the following is a consequence of complement activation?

Accepted Answer

Opsonization, inflammation, and cytolysis

Question 11

A patient with a low WBC count is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Autoimmune disease, viral infection, or side effects of medications

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of dendritic cells?

Accepted Answer

They are found in the skin, mucous membranes, and thymus and are phagocytic.

Question 13

Which of the following is a chemical factor that inhibits microbial growth by lowering skin pH?

Accepted Answer

Sebum

Question 14

Which process involves the movement of phagocytes to the site of infection during inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Phagocyte migration

Question 15

Which of the following is a physical factor that prevents microorganisms from entering the lower respiratory tract?

Accepted Answer

Epiglottis

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of total WBC count if you have the following cell counts: neutrophils ($$N$$), lymphocytes ($$L$$), monocytes ($$M$$), eosinophils ($$E$$), and basophils ($$B$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$WBC = N + L + M + E + B$$

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a stage of inflammation?

Accepted Answer

Antibody production

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the skin is a formidable barrier to microbes?

Accepted Answer

The shedding and dryness of skin inhibits microbial growth, and the epidermis contains tightly packed cells with keratin.

Question 19

Which of the following is a function of eosinophils?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytic and toxic against parasites and helminths

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Chemotaxis → Adherence → Ingestion → Digestion

Innate Immunity: Structure and Function (Chapter 16 Study Notes)

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